Lecture 1-4 Flashcards
Carbohydrates are made of
Cn(H2O)n and monosaccharides
Hydrolysis _____
Dehydration____
Breaks a polymer by inserted water and breaking bond
Synthesizes polymer by removing water bond
Monosaccharides
Monomers, simplest sugars, very soluble
Shape and amount of Carbon for monosaccharides
5-6 carbons and can be ring or linearshaped
Disaccharide
2 Monosaccharides connected by glycosidic bond
types of Disaccharide
Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Lactose (glucose + galactose)
Maltose (glucose + glucose)
Polysaccharide
Energy storage, multiple Monosaccharides
Glycogen
Found in animals, Polysaccharide, energy storage
Starch
Found in plants, Polysaccharide, energy storage
Unbranched Polysaccharides
– Cellulose (plant cell walls)
– Peptidoglygan (bacteria cell walls)
– Chitin (arthropod exoskeletons; fungi cell walls)
Lipids
- Nonpolar
- Three major types
– Triglycerides
– Phospholipids
– Steroids
Triglycerides
Fats
* Energy storage
* Glycerol
* Three fatty acids
– Saturated
– Unsaturated
Saturated fats
No double bonds, solid form
Unsaturated fats
double bonds, liquid form
Phospholipids
- Consists of:
– Glycerol
– 2 fatty acids
– Phosphate head - Amphipathic
molecule
– Part hydrophilic
– Part hydrophobic
Hydrophilic molecules
– Consist of mostly polar bonds
– Charge differential across molecule
– Mix or interact well with water
Hydrophobic
– mostly nonpolar bonds
– does not like water
Steroids
- 4 fused rings
- Critical signaling
molecules (hormones)
– Control gene activities
– E.g. testosterone,
estrogen - Cholesterol important in
cell membranes
Proteins
- Amino acid monomers
- Variety of functions
– Enzymes
– Hormones
– Cell communication
– Structural
– Contractile/movement
– Many others
types of monomer
sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides.
Polypeptide
linear chain of amino acids
Primary Structure
order of AAs (determined by gene sequence!)
Secondary Structure
Repeating pattern determined by chemical & physical properties of AAs
Tertiary structure
- Complex 3D shape
- Protein folds back & forth on itself
- allows portions of protein @ long
distances to interact
Quaternary Structure:
- Interaction of multiple polypeptides
- Not part of all proteins - some only
single polypeptide
5 factors promoting protein folding
& stability
- H-bonds
- Ionic bonds
- Hydrophobic effects
- Van der Waals forces
* atoms w/weak attraction @ optimal distance - Disulfide bridges
Nucleic Acids
- DNA
– Store genetic info - RNA
– Critical for the expression of genetic info
– Many types
– mRNA, tRNA, & rRNA will be what we focus
on
what makes a nucleotide
nitrogenous base, phosphate group, sugar molecule
Features shared by all
cells
– Cell membrane
– Cytoplasm / cytosol
– Ribosomes
– DNA-based genome
– ATP for energy
Membranes
– Endoplasmic
reticulum
– Golgi apparatus
– Mitochondria
– Chloroplasts
Membrane protein functions
Transport
Enzymatic activity
signal transduction
cell to cell recognition
intercellular joining
attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
Passive membrane transport
High to Low concentration
No energy spent
Active membrane transport
- Move molecules against
concentratio gradient - Requires ATP (energy)
- Always involves protein
pump
Nucleus
- Stores genetic information
– DNA - RNA produced in nucleus
– Exits through pores in nuclear membrane - Site of ribosome synthesis
Ribosomes
- Consist of ribosomal RNA and proteins
- Read RNA instructions to make proteins
- Free
– Floating in cytoplasm
– Make proteins for immediate use in cytoplasm - Bound
– Attached to endoplasmic reticulum
– Make membrane proteins and proteins for
secretion
endoplasmic reticulum
- Part of endo-membrane
system - May be continuous with
nuclear membrane - Lipid bilayer
Golgi Apparatus
- Shipping and receiving
– Receives molecules from ER
– Ships to cell membrane for export - Modifies proteins
- Directional
Semiautonomous Organelles
- Reproduce themselves
- Depend on cell for some proteins
- Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other
plastids
Mitochondria
- Outer and inner membrane
– Intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix - Primary role is to make ATP
Chloroplasts
- Photosynthesis
- Plants and algae
- Outer and inner membrane
– intermembrane space - Third membrane
– thylakoid membrane
– stacks form granum (plural, grana)
Monomers of nucleic acid
Nucleotides
Purines: AG
Pyrimidines: CTU
How are Carbohydrate monomers connected
dehydration fusing the monomers together
Difference between branched and unbranched polysaccharides
Branched polysaccharides are for energy storage and unbranched polysaccharides are for structure. Cellulose is an unbranched polysaccharide, glycogen is a branched polysaccharide
Cellulose
Cellulose is an unbranched polysaccharide. It is beneficial because it acts as dietary fiber in the digestive tract.
homeoviscous hypothesis
Cells acclimating to low temperature will increase the proportion of unsaturated fatty acid tails in their phospholipids.
Stability factors of protein
hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der waal forces, the hydrophobic effect , and disulfide bridges
what does cholesterol do in the membrane
help manage fluidity to be an optimal level
Rough ER
has ribosomes
near cytoplasm
photosynthesis
Smooth ER
no ribosomes
lipid synthesis
found near membrane
what we need for radiometric dating
amount of the isotope, the rate of decay, and the half-life constant.
Prions
- Affect brain and neural tissue
- All cause some form of neurodegeneration
