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Biologie 115 > Lecture 1-4 > Flashcards

Lecture 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates are made of

A

Cn(H2O)n and monosaccharides

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1
Q

Hydrolysis _____
Dehydration____

A

Breaks a polymer by inserted water and breaking bond
Synthesizes polymer by removing water bond

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2
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Monomers, simplest sugars, very soluble

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3
Q

Shape and amount of Carbon for monosaccharides

A

5-6 carbons and can be ring or linearshaped

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4
Q

Disaccharide

A

2 Monosaccharides connected by glycosidic bond

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5
Q

types of Disaccharide

A

Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Lactose (glucose + galactose)
Maltose (glucose + glucose)

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6
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Energy storage, multiple Monosaccharides

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7
Q

Glycogen

A

Found in animals, Polysaccharide, energy storage

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8
Q

Starch

A

Found in plants, Polysaccharide, energy storage

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9
Q

Unbranched Polysaccharides

A

– Cellulose (plant cell walls)
– Peptidoglygan (bacteria cell walls)
– Chitin (arthropod exoskeletons; fungi cell walls)

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10
Q

Lipids

A
  • Nonpolar
  • Three major types
    – Triglycerides
    – Phospholipids
    – Steroids
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11
Q

Triglycerides

A

Fats
* Energy storage
* Glycerol
* Three fatty acids
– Saturated
– Unsaturated

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12
Q

Saturated fats

A

No double bonds, solid form

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13
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

double bonds, liquid form

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14
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • Consists of:
    – Glycerol
    – 2 fatty acids
    – Phosphate head
  • Amphipathic
    molecule
    – Part hydrophilic
    – Part hydrophobic
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15
Q

Hydrophilic molecules

A

– Consist of mostly polar bonds
– Charge differential across molecule
– Mix or interact well with water

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16
Q

Hydrophobic

A

– mostly nonpolar bonds
– does not like water

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17
Q

Steroids

A
  • 4 fused rings
  • Critical signaling
    molecules (hormones)
    – Control gene activities
    – E.g. testosterone,
    estrogen
  • Cholesterol important in
    cell membranes
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18
Q

Proteins

A
  • Amino acid monomers
  • Variety of functions
    – Enzymes
    – Hormones
    – Cell communication
    – Structural
    – Contractile/movement
    – Many others
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19
Q

types of monomer

A

sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides.

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20
Q

Polypeptide

A

linear chain of amino acids

21
Q

Primary Structure

A

order of AAs (determined by gene sequence!)

22
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Repeating pattern determined by chemical & physical properties of AAs

23
Q

Tertiary structure

A
  • Complex 3D shape
  • Protein folds back & forth on itself
  • allows portions of protein @ long
    distances to interact
24
Q

Quaternary Structure:

A
  • Interaction of multiple polypeptides
  • Not part of all proteins - some only
    single polypeptide
25
Q

5 factors promoting protein folding
& stability

A
  1. H-bonds
  2. Ionic bonds
  3. Hydrophobic effects
  4. Van der Waals forces
    * atoms w/weak attraction @ optimal distance
  5. Disulfide bridges
26
Q

Nucleic Acids

A
  • DNA
    – Store genetic info
  • RNA
    – Critical for the expression of genetic info
    – Many types
    – mRNA, tRNA, & rRNA will be what we focus
    on
27
Q

what makes a nucleotide

A

nitrogenous base, phosphate group, sugar molecule

28
Q

Features shared by all
cells

A

– Cell membrane
– Cytoplasm / cytosol
– Ribosomes
– DNA-based genome
– ATP for energy

29
Q

Membranes

A

– Endoplasmic
reticulum
– Golgi apparatus
– Mitochondria
– Chloroplasts

30
Q

Membrane protein functions

A

Transport
Enzymatic activity
signal transduction
cell to cell recognition
intercellular joining
attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

31
Q

Passive membrane transport

A

High to Low concentration
No energy spent

32
Q

Active membrane transport

A
  • Move molecules against
    concentratio gradient
  • Requires ATP (energy)
  • Always involves protein
    pump
33
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Stores genetic information
    – DNA
  • RNA produced in nucleus
    – Exits through pores in nuclear membrane
  • Site of ribosome synthesis
34
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Consist of ribosomal RNA and proteins
  • Read RNA instructions to make proteins
  • Free
    – Floating in cytoplasm
    – Make proteins for immediate use in cytoplasm
  • Bound
    – Attached to endoplasmic reticulum
    – Make membrane proteins and proteins for
    secretion
35
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Part of endo-membrane
    system
  • May be continuous with
    nuclear membrane
  • Lipid bilayer
36
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • Shipping and receiving
    – Receives molecules from ER
    – Ships to cell membrane for export
  • Modifies proteins
  • Directional
37
Q

Semiautonomous Organelles

A
  • Reproduce themselves
  • Depend on cell for some proteins
  • Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other
    plastids
38
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Outer and inner membrane
    – Intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix
  • Primary role is to make ATP
39
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • Photosynthesis
  • Plants and algae
  • Outer and inner membrane
    – intermembrane space
  • Third membrane
    – thylakoid membrane
    – stacks form granum (plural, grana)
40
Q

Monomers of nucleic acid

A

Nucleotides
Purines: AG
Pyrimidines: CTU

41
Q

How are Carbohydrate monomers connected

A

dehydration fusing the monomers together

42
Q

Difference between branched and unbranched polysaccharides

A

Branched polysaccharides are for energy storage and unbranched polysaccharides are for structure. Cellulose is an unbranched polysaccharide, glycogen is a branched polysaccharide

43
Q

Cellulose

A

Cellulose is an unbranched polysaccharide. It is beneficial because it acts as dietary fiber in the digestive tract.

44
Q

homeoviscous hypothesis

A

Cells acclimating to low temperature will increase the proportion of unsaturated fatty acid tails in their phospholipids.

45
Q

Stability factors of protein

A

hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der waal forces, the hydrophobic effect , and disulfide bridges

46
Q

what does cholesterol do in the membrane

A

help manage fluidity to be an optimal level

47
Q

Rough ER

A

has ribosomes
near cytoplasm
photosynthesis

48
Q

Smooth ER

A

no ribosomes
lipid synthesis
found near membrane

49
Q

what we need for radiometric dating

A

amount of the isotope, the rate of decay, and the half-life constant.

50
Q

Prions

A
  • Affect brain and neural tissue
  • All cause some form of neurodegeneration

Biologie 115 (19 decks)

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