Diagrams

Question 1

Carbon fixation inputs and outputs

Answer 1

Input
3 CO2, 5 RuBP

Output
6 3-C molecules

(1st step of calvin)

Question 1

Reduction inputs and outputs (per 6 3C molecule)

Answer 1

Input
NADPH, ATP

Output
NADP, ADP, 1 G3P

(2nd step of calvin)

Question 2

Regeneration inputs and outputs

Answer 2

Input
5 G3P, 3ATP

Output
3 RuBP, 3ADP

(3rd step of Calvin cycle)

Question 3

ATP/NADPH in reduction

Answer 3

6 ATP phosphorylate each 3C, and becomes ADP, 6 NADPH reduce them to form 6G3P

Question 4

ATP/NADPH in regeneration

Answer 4

no NADPH, 3 ATP used to regenerate the G3P into 3 RuPB

Question 5

Glycolysis Inputs and outputs

Answer 5

Inputs
1 glucose
2 ATP
2 NAD+

Outputs
2 NADH
4 ATP (net = 2 ATP)
2 pyruvate
2 H2O

(occurs in cytoplasm, step 1)

Question 6

Pyruvate Oxidation inputs and outputs ( per 1 )

Answer 6

Inputs
1 pyruvate
1 NAD+
1 Coenzyme A

Outputs
1 CO2
1 NADH
1 Acetyl CoA

(occurs in mitochondrial matrix, step 2)

Question 7

Citric Acid Cycle inputs and outputs (per 1 pyruvate)

Answer 7

Inputs
1 Acetyl CoA
3 NAD+
1 ADP
1 FAD

Outputs
3 NADH
2 CO2
1 FADH2
1 ATP (comes from hydrolysis of GTP)
1 Coenzyme A
(third step, mitochondrial matrix)

Question 8

ETC + oxidative phosphorylation Inputs and outputs

Answer 8

Inputs
NADH
FADH2
½ O2

Outputs
NAD+
FAD
26-28 ATP
H2O

(mitochondrial membrane, last step)

Question 9

Hershey Chase

Answer 9

Discovered DNA, not proteins responsible for entering the cell and inheritance

Question 10

Stop Codons

Answer 10

UGA, UAG, UAA

Question 11

order of finding these molecules in cellular respiration:
I: pyruvate, II: oxygen, III: GTP, IV: acetyl-CoA, V: FAD

Answer 11

I-IV-III-V-II

Question 12

GTP

Answer 12

produce from GTP + Pi, in citric acid cycle for conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate

Question 13

net inputs and outputs of photosynthesis

Answer 13

6CO2+6H2O+light —> glucose + 6 O2

Question 14

Allosteric inhibitation

Answer 14

Inhibitor binds to allosteric site of enzyme and prevents reaction

Question 15

Allosteric activation

Answer 15

Activator binds to allosteric site of enzyme and allows reaction

Question 16

(autotrophic)

Answer 16

Build complex molecules from single-carbon
compounds

Question 17

(heterotrophic)

Answer 17

Ingest pre-existing C-C bonds

Question 18

(chemotrophic)

Answer 18

Energy from chemical bonds

Question 19

(phototrophic)

Answer 19

Energy from sun

Question 20

Cyclic electron flow

Answer 20

only photosystem 1 being used, ATP produced but no O2
(photoheterotrophic bacteria)

Question 21

What does the enzyme Rubisco do?

Answer 21

Attach carbon dioxide to ribulose (RuBP)
Attach oxygen to ribulose (RuBP)

Question 22

What happens during photorespiration?

Answer 22

Photorespiration occurs when the enzyme Rubisco mistakenly binds oxygen instead of carbon dioxide to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP).

More likely in hot/dry
environments

Question 23

C4 Photosynthesis

Answer 23

• Carbon dioxide fixed
  into 4-C molecule in
  outer mesophyll cells
• Calvin cycle restricted to
  inner, bundle sheath
  cells
• Increases CO2
  concentration around
  Rubisco
• Found in corn and
  sugarcane (for example)

Question 24

CAM Photosynthesis

Answer 24

• Plants in hot, dry climates want to keep
  stomata closed during day to minimize
  water loss
  – Stomata open at night
• CAM plants fix carbon at night and store
  as an organic acid
• CO2 released and introduced to Calvin
  cycle during day
  – Stomata remain closed

Question 25

What do CAM plants do during the day
if they have used all the carbon dioxide
fixed the previous night?

Answer 25

Engage in photorespiration or more favorabely, calvin cycle

Question 26

Sugar in Dna
Sugar in Rna

Answer 26

deoxyribose
ribose

Question 27

error in replication

Answer 27

1 error every 1-10 billion base pairs
0.6-6 errors in humans per replication

Question 28

where do RNA polymerase start in initiation in eukaryotes

Answer 28

promoter, NOT primer. Think TATA

Question 29

What best described the initiation of transcription in eukaryotes

Answer 29

Transcription factors bind to the TATA box

Question 30

Human telomere

Answer 30

repeat of GGGTTA

Question 31

Prokaryotic transcription

Answer 31

• One RNA Polymerase
• RNA Pol binds to
  promoter
  ‒ Transcription factors also
  involved
• No processing of mRNA

Question 32

Eukaryotic Transcription

Answer 32

• Multiple RNA
  Polymerases
• Transcription factors
  bind to promoter
  ‒ TATA box
• RNA Pol binds to
  transcription factors to
  bind to DNA
• Initial transcript
  processed to form
  mature mRNA

Question 33

How does a specific mRNA sequence get
translated to a specific amino acid
sequence?

Answer 33

A. A given tRNA will only bind to one mRNA
codon
B. A given tRNA will only have type of amino acid
attached