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Human Anatomy > Lecture 16 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture 16 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a part of the Upper Respiratory Track?

A
  • nose
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • associated structures
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2
Q

What is a part of the Lower Respiratory Track?

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
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3
Q

What is the respiratory mucosa?

A

Respiratory passages are lined by a mucous membrane called the respiratory mucosa.
- It traps dirt and debris that we breathe in, warms the air we breathe in, and humidifies the air we breathe in.

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4
Q

Explain the structure of respiratory mucosa.

A

The mucosa is composed of an epithelium resting on a basement membrane and an underlying lamina propria. The epithelium is ciliated and contains goblet cells.

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5
Q

Explain the Nasal Cavity.

A

Extends from the nares to choana. Has 2 parts.
- Floor: composed of a soft and hard palate
- Roof: composed of the nasal, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones

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6
Q

What is the Nasal Septum?

A

It divides the right and left sides of the nose. Has 2 parts.
- Anterior: septal nasal cartilage
- Posterior: ethmoid & vomer bones

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7
Q

What is the Conchae?

A

Bony ridges on the lateral walls of the nose with meatuses between them. Has superior, middle, and inferior portions.
- They create air turbulence

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8
Q

Identify

A

Nares

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9
Q

Identify

A

Nasal Cavity

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10
Q

Identify

A

Conchae

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11
Q

Identify

A

Hard Palate

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12
Q

Identify

A

Soft Palate

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13
Q

Identify

A

Nasal Septum

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14
Q

What is the Olfactory Epithelium?

A

A special epithelium that helps with the sense of smell, located in the nasal cavity.
- Have olfactory neurons that sends messages to cranial nerves where were able to process smells.

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15
Q

Identify

A

Olfactory Epithelium

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16
Q

Identify

A

Olfactory Neurons

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17
Q

Identify

A

Olfactory Bulb

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18
Q

Identify

A

Olfactory Tract

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19
Q

What is the Pharynx?

A

Another word for pharynx is “throat”
- It’s a muscular tunnel and it’s part of both the respiration and digestive systems. It has 3 parts.
* Nasopharynx
* Oropharynx
* Laryngopharynx

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20
Q

Explain the Nasopharynx.

A

Located directly posterior to the nasal cavity. It extends down to the soft palate.

  • Moves only air.
  • Has a specialized type of epithelium (Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium) that contains goblet cells (that contains mucus) and cilla (to move things through the mucus).
  • Openings of Eustachian (auditory) tubes
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21
Q

Explain the Oropharynx.

A

Located directly posterior to the oral cavity. Runs from the soft palate to the epiglottis.
- Moves air, food, and liquid
- Has moist stratified squamous epithelium.

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22
Q

Explain the Laryngopharynx.

A

Located posterior to the larynx. Runs from the epiglottis to the esophagus.
- Moves food and drinks
- Has moist stratified squamous epithelium.

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23
Q

Identify

A

Nasopharynx

24
Q

Identify

A

Oropharynx

25
Q

Identify

A

Laryngopharynx

26
Q

What is the Larynx?

A

(Voice box) houses the structures that produce sound.
Acts as a passageway for air to move between the pharynx and trachea.

Consists of 9 cartilages:
* Singular: Thyroid, Cricoid, Epiglottis
* Pairs: Arytenoids, Corniculate, Cuneiform

27
Q

Explain the Thyroid cartilage in the larynx.

A

Protects the vocal cords.

28
Q

Explain the Cricoid cartilage in the larynx.

A

Important for muscle attachment, for muscles that move the vocal cords.
(we wouldn’t be able to change how we sound without it)

29
Q

Explain the Epiglottis cartilage in the larynx.

A

Elastic cartilage. It makes sure the airway is covered when we swallow food and drink

30
Q

Explain the ligaments of the larynx.

A

Ligaments extend from the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage. 2 pairs.
- False vocal folds / Ventricular folds (don’t produce sound)
- True vocal folds (do produce sound)

31
Q

Identify

A

Larynx

32
Q

Identify

A

Epiglottis

33
Q

Identify

A

Vocal cords

34
Q

What are the functions Larynx?

A

Maintain an open passage for air movement
- Epiglottis and vestibular folds prevent swallowed material from moving into the larynx
- Vocal folds are the primary source of sound production

35
Q

What is the Trachea?

A

Known as the windpipe. It’s a membranous tube supported by 15-20 cartilage c-shaped rings made of hyaline cartilage that branches into 2 primary bronchi.
- The cartilage rings are important for keeping the airway open and it allows food to easily pass through the esophagus.

  • The trachea brings air to the lungs through its multiple branches.
36
Q

Explain the Tracheobronchial Tree.

A
  • The trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi that enters the lungs at the hilum.
  • The primary bronchi then divide again into secondary bronchi
  • The secondary bronchi then divide again into tertiary bronchi that supply segments of the lungs
  • The tertiary bronchi then branch again into very small terminal bronchioles

As the tubes become smaller, the amount of cartilage decreases, and the amount of smooth muscle increases.

37
Q

Identify

A

Trachea

38
Q

Identify

A

L Main Bronchus

39
Q

Identify

A

R Main Bronchus

40
Q

What is the Conduction Zone?

A

Passageway for air to move into and out of lungs. No gas exchange occurs.

41
Q

What is the Respiratory Zone?

A

Allows inhaled oxygen to diffuse into the lung capillaries in exchange for carbon dioxide. Gas exchange occurs. (structures deep within the lungs)

42
Q

Explain the Respiratory Zone in detail.

A

Respiratory bronchioles branch from terminal bronchioles
- Respiratory bronchioles give rise to alveolar ducts which end as alveolar sacs.

There is 300+ million alveoli per lung
- Account for most of the lung’s volume and provide a tremendous surface area for gas exchange.

43
Q

What is the Respiratory Membrane?

A

How alveoli contact and interact with capillaries.

44
Q

Explain the cells of the Respiratory Membrane.

A

Alveoli is made of the following cells:

Type 1 pneumocytes
- Epithelial cells that form the wall of the alveoli. Their function is to work in gas exchange.

Type 2 pneumocytes
- Function is to secrete surfactant
- Surfactant is a liquid that lines the inside of the alveolus and ensures that it stays open

Dust cells
- Immune cells

45
Q

What are the layers of the Respiratory Membrane?

A
  • Thin layer of fluid lining the alveolus (surfactant)
  • Alveolar epithelium
  • Basement membrane (of the alveolar epithelium)
  • Thin interstitial space
  • Capillary endothelium
  • Basement membrane (of the capillary endothelium)
46
Q

Explain the Gross Anatomy of the Lungs.

A

Two lungs, left and right.
- The base sits on the diaphragm, and the Apex is at the top.
- The Hilus is on the medial surface where bronchi and blood vessels enter the lungs.

47
Q

Identify

A

Superior lobe of right lung

48
Q

Identify

A

Horizontal fissure of right lung

49
Q

Identify

A

Middle lobe of right lung

50
Q

Identify

A

Oblique fissures of right lung

51
Q

Identify

A

Inferior lobe of right lung

52
Q

Identify

A

Superior lobe of left lung

53
Q

Identify

A

Oblique fissure of left lung

54
Q

Identify

A

Inferior lobe of left lung

55
Q

Are you going to pass this test?

A

Yes!

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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