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Human Anatomy > Chapter 3 - Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell theory?

A
  • Cells are the building blocks of all organisms
  • All cells come from the division of preexisting cells
  • Cells are the smallest anatomical units that perform all vital physiological functions
  • Cells contain hereditary information
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2
Q

What is the basic structure of the cell?

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Cytoplasma containing organelles
  3. Nucleus
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3
Q

What is the Plasma Membrane? What is it made of?

A

The plasma membrane forms the outer boundary of the cell, it’s semipermeable that allows some substances to enter and leave the cell.

  • About 50% lipids
  • About 50% proteins
  • About 5% carbohydrates
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4
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer? What are they made of?

A

Phospholipids are plasma membrane lipids that are made up of hydrophilic heads (polar) and hydrophobic fatty acid tails (non-polar)

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5
Q

What is the cholesterol?

A

It is a plasma membrane lipid that is interspersed among the phospholipids and provides stability to the plasma membrane

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6
Q

What are some plasma membrane proteins?

A

Integral, peripheral, transport, receptor,

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7
Q

What are the different types of transport proteins?

A

Channels proteins, carrier proteins, and ATP-powered pumps

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8
Q

What is the cytoplasm? What are the components?

A

All material inside the cell, but outside of the nucleus

  • Cytosol
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Organelles
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9
Q

What is the Cytosol?

A

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds the organelles.

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10
Q

What is the cytoskeleton? What are the 3 groups of proteins that make up the cytoskeleton?

A

The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol. It supports the cell.

  • Microtubules
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
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11
Q

What are microtubules made of and their function?

A

Made of tubulin protein. Transport, cell divison.

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12
Q

What are microfilaments made of and their function?

A

Made of actin protein. Structure & support

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13
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

Shape and rigidity of the cell.

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14
Q

What are microvilli?

A
  • Increase surface area for absorption
  • Attached to the cytoskeleton
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15
Q

What are centrioles?

A
  • Located near the nucleus
  • Form spindle apparatus during cell divison
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16
Q

What are cilia?

A
  • Slender extensions of plasma membrane
  • Move fluids across the cell surface (requires ATP)
17
Q

What are flagella?

A

A whip-like tail that is used to propel the cell through a fluid environment. (only found in sperm cells)

18
Q

What are ribosomes? What are the two types? Define them.

A

Ribosomes are organelles that synthesize (make) proteins—composed of large and small subunits. It also contains ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

Free ribosomes:
- In cytoplasm
- Make proteins that stay inside the cell

Membrane-bound ribosomes:
- Attached to the ER
- Make proteins that stay outside the cell

19
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)? What are the two types? Define them.

A

The ER contains storage chambers known as cisternae. It’s involved in the synthesis, storage, and transport of various substances.

Smooth ER: No ribosomes, synthesizes lipids
Rough ER: Covered with ribosomes, active in protein synthesis & encloses products in transport vesicles.

20
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • Modifies and packages secretions
  • Renews or modifies plasma membrane
  • Packages special enzymes within vesicles
21
Q

What is a Lysosome?

A

A specialized type of vesicle formed by the Golgi. It destroys bacteria, breaks down molecules, and recycles damaged organelles.

22
Q

What is the Mitochondria? What are the different parts?

A

It’s the smooth outer membrane that provides energy for the cell.

Cristae: Inner membrane folds
Matrix: Fluid contents

23
Q

What is the Nucleus? What are the different parts?

A

The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell and carries the genes, and structures that contain the hereditary information (DNA).

  • Nuclear envelope
  • Nuclear pores
  • Inner and outer membranes
24
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

Net movement of a substance from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration.

25
Q

What is Osmosis?

A
  • Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
  • Water molecules move from a low to a high concentration
26
Q

What is meant by Osmolarity (osmotic concentration) and Tonicity?

A

Osmolarity: The total solute concentration in a solution.
Tonicity: describes how a solution affects cells.

27
Q

What are the three different types of solutions? Define them.

A
  • Isotonic solution (cell will stay the same size and shape)
  • Does not cause osmotic flow
  • Hypotonic solution (cell will get bigger)
  • Lower solute concentration than the cell
  • Hypertonic solution (cell will shrink)
  • Higher solute concentration than the cell
28
Q

What are the two ways that diffusion can occur?

A
  1. Lipid bilayer
  2. Membrane Channels
29
Q

What are some factors that can affect diffusion rates? Describe them.

A
  • Concentration Gradient:
  • Greater difference, greater rate of diffusion
  • Temperature of the solution
  • Higher temperature, higher rate of diffusion
  • Size of the diffusing molecules
  • Smaller the molecule, higher rate of diffusion
30
Q

What is Mediated Transport? What are the 3 different types?

A

Moves large, water-soluble molecules, electrically charged molecules, or ions across the plasma membrane

  • Facilitated Diffusion
  • Active Transport
  • Secondary Active Transport
31
Q

What are the characteristics of mediated transport? Explain each.

A
  1. Specificity: Each transport protein binds to and transports only a single type of molecule
  2. Competition: Similar molecules binding to the same. transport protein.
  3. Saturation: Rate of movement of molecules across the PM is dependent on the number of available protein transporters.
32
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A
  • Carrier mediated or channel mediated diffusion from a higher solute concentration to lower solute concentration
  • No energy required (Passive)
  • Is dependent on concentration gradient
33
Q

What is active transport?

A
  • Movement of substance to opposite side of PM and release from the pump REQUIRES energy
  • Rate depends on availability of pumps and ATP
  • Can move substances with OR against their concentration gradient
34
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A
  • The movement of one ion down its concentration gradient provides the energy to allow a second molecule to move against its concentration gradient.
35
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

When ATP is used to engulf substances by vesicle formation

36
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A

When ATP is used to release substances from a secretory vesicle to the outside of the cell.

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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