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Human Anatomy > Chapter 4 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Tissues Flashcards

Tissues

1
Q

What are Tissues?

A

Collections of specialized cells and the extracellular matrix surrounding them.

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2
Q

What is Histology?

A

The study of tissues.

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3
Q

What is meant by a Biopsy and Autopsy?

A

Biopsy: removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes

Autopsy: examination of organs of a dead body to determine cause of death

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4
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissues?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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5
Q

What are epithelial tissues?

A

Epithelial tissues are one or more layers of closely packed cells with little to no extracellular matrix.

  • Covers exposed surfaces
  • Lines internal passageways
  • Forms glands
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6
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissues?

A
  • Provide physical protection
  • Control permeability (have control over what comes in and what stays out)
  • Provides sensation
  • Produces specialized secretion (sweat, mucus, etc)
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissues?

A
  • Polarity (has a top and bottom)
  • Cellularity (cell junctions)
  • Attachment (basement membrane)
  • Avascularity
  • Regeneration
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8
Q

The integrity (how it stays together) of epithelia tissue is maintained by what?

A
  1. Intercellular connections
  2. Attachment to the basement membrane
  3. Epithelia maintenance and repair
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9
Q

What are intercellular connections (Cell Junctions) and what are the 3 types?

A

Cell junctions are composed of internal and peripheral membrane proteins that function to connect and support cells.

Cell Junctions:
1. Gap junctions
2. Tight junctions
3. Desmosomes

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10
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Gap junctions are composed of 6 internal PM proteins called connexons.

They provide a passageway for substances to move between neighboring cells.

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11
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Tight junctions seal off the intercellular space to prevent passage of materials between the cells.

Ensures that materials need to move through the cell and not between the two cells.

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12
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Consists of several proteins that bind adjacent cells.

Provides structural integrity to cells that have exposure to stress.

( A hemidesmosome anchors the basal surface to the underlying basement membrane)

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13
Q

What is the basement membrane and what are the 2 layers?

A

A specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue.

  • Basal lamina: Closest to the epithelial
  • Reticular lamina: Deeper portion, provides strength
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14
Q

What are the different epithelia shapes?

A
  • Squamous: thin and flat
  • Cuboidal: cube shaped
  • Columnar: tall, slender rectangles
  • Transitional: change shape as organs stretch then collapse back to original shape
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15
Q

What are the different epithelial layers?

A
  • Simple Epithelium: single layer of cells, extending from BM to free surface
  • Stratified Epithelium: multiple layers of cells, deepest layer attaches to the BM
  • Pseudostratified: type of simple epithelium, appears stratified but is not. All cells attached to BM
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16
Q

What are the distant surfaces of the epithelial?

A
  • Free (apical): not attached to other cells, exposed to the external environment
  • Lateral: attached to other epithelial cells
  • Basal surface: attached to the basement membrane
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17
Q

When is simple epithelium important?

A

Important in areas where filtration, absorption, or secretion is the primary function.

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18
Q

When is stratified epithelium important?

A

Important in areas that are likely to be subject to abrasive activities or mechanical stress.

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19
Q

When is squamous shaped cells most important?

A

Important for discussion or filtration

20
Q

When are Cuboidal and Columnar shaped cells most important?

A

Important in absorption and secretion

21
Q

What are epithelia glands? What are the 2 types and their functions?

A

Glands are collections of epithelial cells that produce secretions.

Endocrine glands: Release hormones that enter bloodstream, no ducts
Exocrine glands: Produce exocrine secretions, have ducts

22
Q

What are Connective Tissues?

A

“Connective tissue” is a term given to several body tissues that connect, support, and help bind other tissues.

23
Q

What are the components of connective tissues?

A
  1. Specialized cells
  2. Extracellular protein fibers
  3. Fluid called ground substance
24
Q

What is the Extracellular Matrix (ECM)?

A

The ECM consists of extracellular components of connective tissue (protein fibers and ground substance).

It makes up majority of tissue volume and determines specialized function.

25
Q

What are the 3 categories of connective tissues?

A
  1. Connective tissue proper: connect and protect
  2. Fluid connective tissue: transport
  3. Supporting connective tissue: structural strength
26
Q

What are the categories of connective tissue proper? Explain them.

A
  • Loose connective tissue: More ground substance, fewer fibers
  • Dense connective tissue: More fibers, less ground substance
27
Q

What are Fibroblasts?

A

They are cells found in all types of connective tissues. They synthesize collagen and components of ground substance of the ECM.

28
Q

What are Adipocytes?

A

They are fat cells in connective tissues and function as an energy source and thermal insulator.

29
Q

What are Macrophages?

A

They are large phagocytic cells in the connective tissue of the immune system. They engulf (eat) pathogens or damaged cells.

30
Q

What are Mast cells?

A

They are connective tissue cells that mediate immune responses to foreign particles.

31
Q

What are Leukocytes?

A

They are white blood cells, that respond to injury and infection.

32
Q

What are Platelets?

A

They are fragments of hemopoietic cells that contain enzymes and proteins involved in clotting.

33
Q

What are Mesenchymal cells?

A

Stem cells that potential to differentiate into adult cell types.

34
Q

What are Collagen fibers? Describe them.

A

Protein fibers in the connective tissue.
- Most common protein in the body
- Resist force in one direction
- Strong & flexible

35
Q

What are Reticular fibers?

A

Protein fibers in the connective tissue.
- Fill spaces between tissues and organs
- Short & thin

36
Q

What are Elastic fibers?

A

Protein fibers in the connective tissue.
- Made of elastin protein
- Returns to its original length after stretching

37
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Material that lack shape and fills the space between cells and protein fibers in connective tissue.

38
Q

What is Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A

Long polysaccharide chains that are negatively charged, inflexible, and hydrophilic.

These GAGs make the ECM sponge-like so it draws in water to aid in resisting compressive forces.

39
Q

What is Areolar Connective Tissue?

A

Type of connective that is present almost everywhere in the body.
- Attaches skin to underlying tissues.

40
Q

What is the Adipose Connective Tissue?

A

Type of connective tissue that is found in subcutaneous areas and around organs. Consists of mainly adipocytes (fat cells).

41
Q

What is Reticular Connective Tissue?

A

Type of connective tissue that provides support and forms framework.

42
Q

What are the 3 types of dense connective tissue? Explain them.

A
  • Dense regular: Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers (same direction).
  • Dense irregular: Interwoven network of collagen fibers. Provides strength to the dermis.
  • Elastic tissue: Made of elastic fibers.
43
Q

What are the different fluid connective tissues? Explain them.

A

Blood:
- Consist of watery matrix called plasma
- Carries nutrients, oxygen, waste, hormones

Lymph:
- Derived from the blood but had no cellular components

44
Q

What are the different supporting connective tissues? Explain them.

A

Cartilage: composed of chondrocytes with an semisolid matrix. Types: Hyaline cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Elastic cartilage.

Bone: Hard connective tissue composed of living cells (osteocytes) and mineralized matrix. Types: Spongy bone & Compact bone.

45
Q

What are the different types of tissue membranes? Explain them.

A

Mucous: Line cavities that open to the outside of body

Serous: Line cavities not open to exterior

Synovial: Line freely moveable joints

46
Q

What is muscle tissue and the different types?

A

Muscle tissue is specialized for contraction.
- Skeletal muscle
- Cardiac muscle
- Smooth muscle

47
Q

What is nervous tissues and the different types?

A

Nervous tissue is specialized for conducting electrical impulses. Found in the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and receptors.
- Neurons
- Neuroglia (supporting cells)

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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