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Human Anatomy > Lecture 14 & 15 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Lecture 14 & 15 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

A

The heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

The function is to circulate blood throughout the
body to meet the changing needs of the body
cells.
– Cells need:
1. Continuous delivery of oxygen and nutrients
2. Continuous removal of carbon dioxide and waste

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3
Q

What are the 3 main types of blood vessels? Explain them.

A
  • Arteries: carry blood AWAY from the heart
  • Veins: carry blood TOWARD the heart
  • Capillaries: sites of exchange between the two
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4
Q

What are the three significant features that the heart contains?

A
  • Two sides: allows separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
  • Great vessels: bring blood to or from the heart
  • Two sets of valves: ensure unidirectional flow of blood through the heart
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5
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

– In the thoracic cavity within the mediastinum between the lungs
– Extending between the 2nd and 6th ribs

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6
Q

Explain the orientation of the heart.

A

The heart is rotated slightly so that the right side is more anterior and the left side is positioned more posteriorly

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7
Q

Explain what the Pericardium is.

A

The heart is enclosed in three layers of tissues collectively called the Pericardium.

From most superficial to deep:
1. Fibrous pericardium
2. Serous pericardium:
- Parietal pericardium
- Visceral pericardium

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8
Q

What is Fibrous Pericardium?

A
  • Dense irregular connective tissue that encloses but does not attach to the heart
  • Anchors the heart and prevents over-filling of the chambers
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9
Q

What is Serous Pericardium?

A

Serous pericardium: Double-layered covering, each consisting of simple squamous epithelium

  • Parietal pericardium: Adherent to the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
  • Visceral pericardium: Adherent heart surface

The two are continuous and have a pericardial cavity between them filled with pericardial fluid

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10
Q

Explain the layers of tissue of the heart wall.

A

Three layers of tissue
– Epicardium: Serous membrane; smooth outer surface of the heart

– Myocardium: Middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cells and responsible for the heart contracting

– Endocardium:
* Smooth the inner surface of the heart chambers
* Continuous with blood vessels

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11
Q

Explain the Anatomy of the Heart.

A
  • The Heart has:
    – 4 Chambers
    – 4 Valves
    – 4 Great Vessels
    – Coronary Arteries
    – Coronary Veins
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12
Q

Explain Coronary Arteries.

A

2 main types, they both exit from the aorta

Right Coronary artery: has 2 main branches
- Right marginal artery: supplies the right ventricle
- Posterior interventricular artery: supplies posterior and inferior parts of the heart

Left Coronary artery: had 3 main branches
- Anterior interventricular artery (LAD): supplies the anterior part of the heart
- Left marginal artery: supplies the lateral wall of the left ventricle
- Circumflex artery: extends to and supplies the posterior aspect of the heart

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13
Q

Explain Coronary Veins.

A

2 main types: Great cardiac vein and small cardiac vein
- They drain the left and right margins of the heart into the coronary sinus in the Coronary Sinus

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14
Q

Explain the Right Atrium.

A
  • Posterior wall is smooth
  • Anterior wall exhibits muscular ridges called pectinate muscles
  • Contains 3 openings
  • Superior Vena Cava
  • Inferior Vena Cava
  • Coronary Sinus
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15
Q

What is the trabeculae carnae?

A

They are large irregular muscular ridges on the internal surface of the right and left ventricles

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16
Q

Explain papillary muscles.

A

They are in the right and left ventricles of the heart
- Anchor the tricuspid valve to the ventricle via the chordae tendinae

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17
Q

Explain the Left Atrium.

A
  • The posterior wall is smooth
  • Anterior wall exhibits muscular ridges called pectinate muscles
  • Openings
  • Pulmonary Veins
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18
Q

What are Atrioventricular valves?

A

– Each valve has leaf-like cusps that are attached to cone-shaped papillary muscles by tendons (chordae tendinae).
– Right has three cusps (tricuspid).
– Left has two cusps (bicuspid).

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19
Q

What are Semilunar valves?

A

– Each cusp is shaped like a cup.
– When cusps are filled, the valve is closed; when cusps are empty, the valve is open.
– Pulmonary (Right)
– Atrial (Left)

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20
Q

Explain the right and left sides of the heart.

A

Right side:
- Deoxygenated blood pumped to the lungs
- Called the Pulmonary Circuit

Left side:
- Oxygenated blood pumped to the body
- Called the Systemic Circuit

Both pumps:
- Contract at the same rate
- Pump the same volume of blood each minute

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21
Q

Explain Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation.

A

Pulmonary: circulation through the lungs
Systemic: circulation through the body

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22
Q

Explain the Aorta and its different parts.

A

Aorta: The aorta is the largest artery of the body and carries blood from the heart to the circulatory system.

– Ascending aorta: right and left coronary arteries branch from here

– Aortic arch: arching posteriorly and to the left and has three
* Brachiocephalic artery
* Left common carotid
* Left subclavian artery

– Descending aorta
* Thoracic aorta: portion in the thorax
* Abdominal aorta: inferior to diaphragm. It ends as two common iliac arteries

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23
Q

Explain the Brachiocephalic trunk artery.

A

It’s the first branch of the aortic arch. It forms 2 branches

  • Right Common Carotid Artery: transports blood to the right side of the head and neck
  • Right Subclavian Artery: transports blood to the right upper limbs
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24
Q

Explain the Left common carotid artery.

A

It’s the second branch of the aortic arch.

  • Transports blood to the left side of the head and neck.
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25
Q

Explain the Left subclavian artery.

A

It’s the third branch of the aortic arch.

  • Transports blood to the left upper limbs
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26
Q

What is the Tunica Intima?

A

The innermost layer of blood vessels. Made of simple squamous epithelium tissue. Has 4 parts.
- Endothelium
- Basement membrane
- Lamina propria (C.T.)
- Internal elastic membrane

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27
Q

What is the Tunica Media?

A

The middle layer of blood vessels. Made up of smooth muscle cells that are arranged circularly around the blood vessel and external elastic membrane.

  • Vasoconstriction: smooth muscles contract, decrease in blood flow. (limit blood flow)
  • Vasodilation: smooth muscles relax, increase blood flow (Enhance blood flow)
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28
Q

What is the Tunica Externa?

A

The most superficial layer of blood vessels. All connective tissue.
- connective tissue, varies from dense regular near the vessel to loose that merges with the surrounding C.T.

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29
Q

What’s the difference between Arteries and Veins?

A

Arteries: carry blood & nutrients AWAY from the heart
- High pressure
- The tunica media is thicker (so they are able to change the flow of blood)

Veins: carry blood & nutrients TOWARD the heart
- Low pressure
- The tunica media is thinner

30
Q

Explain the 3 types of arteries.

A
  1. Elastic Artery: closest to the heart, biggest and most stretchy artery. They need the ability to stretch to accommodate the blood pressure.
  2. Muscular Artery: directs blood flow to specific regions, has more smooth muscle.
  3. Arteriole: smallest artery in which we can see the tunica layers. They branch and lead into capillaries.
31
Q

Why do veins rely on valves? What are some other structures veins rely on?

A

Veins rely on valves to help move blood to the heart since the tunica media isn’t as developed as it needs to be. Valves are located in the tunica intima.

They also rely on…
- Skeletal muscle pump
- Respiratory pump

32
Q

Identify

A

Superior Vena Cava

33
Q

Identify

A

Opening for Inferior Vena Cava

34
Q

Identify

A

Right Atrium

35
Q

Identify

A

Tricuspid Valve

36
Q

Identify

A

Right Ventricle

37
Q

Identify

A

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

38
Q

Identify

A

Pulmonary Trunk

39
Q

Identify

A

Left Atrium

40
Q

Identify

A

Bicuspid Valve

41
Q

Identify

A

Left Ventricle

42
Q

Identify

A

Aortic Semilunar Valve

43
Q

Identify

A

Ascending Aorta

44
Q

Explain the 3 major veins.

A
  • Coronary sinus: drains the heart
  • Superior vena cava: drains the head, neck, thorax, upper limbs
  • Inferior vena cava: drains the abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs
45
Q

Identify and Explain.

A

L Subclavian artery
- transports blood to the left upper limb

46
Q

Identify and Explain.

A

L Vertebral artery
- supplies the brain

47
Q

Identify and Explain.

A

L Axillary artery
- supplies the shoulder, chest, back

48
Q

Identify and Explain.

A

L Brachial artery
- supplies the arm

49
Q

Identify and Explain.

A

L Ulnar artery
- supplies the medial forearm

50
Q

Identify and Explain.

A

L Radial artery
- supplies the lateral forearm

51
Q

Identify and Explain.

A

Abdominal Aorta
- branches into lots of other arteries

52
Q

Identify and Explain.

A

L Common Iliac artery
- branches into L Internal Iliac artery and L External Iliac artery

53
Q

Identify and Explain.

A

L Internal Iliac artery
- supplies the pelvis, pelvic organs, external genitalia, hip

54
Q

Identify and Explain.

A

L External Iliac artery
- supplies the lower limb and branches into anterior abdominal wall

55
Q

Identify and Explain.

A

L Femoral artery
- supplies the thigh

56
Q

Identify and Explain.

A

L Popliteal artery
- supplies the knee

57
Q

Identify and Explain.

A

Anterior Tibial artery
- supplies the anterior leg

58
Q

Identify and Explain.

A

Posterior Tibial artery
- supplies the posterior leg

59
Q

Identify and Explain.

A

Fibular artery
- supplies the lateral leg and foot

60
Q

Identify and Explain the Celiac Trunk.

A
  • supplies the liver, spleen, stomach, bladder
61
Q

Identify and Explain the Superior Mesenteric artery.

A
  • supplies the small intestines and part of the large intestine
62
Q

Identify and Explain the Inferior Mesenteric artery.

A
  • supplies the digestive system
63
Q

Identify and Explain Common Iliac arteries.

A
  • supplies the lower part of the body, including the pelvis, reproductive organs, and legs.
64
Q

Identify and Explain Renal arteries.

A
  • supplies the kidneys
65
Q

Identify and Explain the Superior Mesenteric vein.

A
  • drains the small intestines
66
Q

Identify and Explain the Inferior Mesenteric vein.

A
  • drains the colon
67
Q

Identify and Explain the Splenic vein.

A
  • drains the spleen, stomach, part of the pancreas
68
Q

Identify and Explain the Hepatic Portal vein.

A
  • drains the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen.
69
Q

Identify and Explain the Inferior vena cava.

A
  • drains the torso and lower body to the right side of the heart.
70
Q

Are you going to do good on the exam?

A

Yes!

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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