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Human Anatomy > Digestive System - Unit 4 > Flashcards

Digestive System - Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Gastrointestinal Tract?

A

The GI tract is a continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. 16-23 feet long.
Includes:
* Mouth
* Pharynx
* Esophagus
* Stomach
* Small intestines
* Large intestines

Accessory Digestive Organs Include:
- Teeth
- Tongue
- Salivary Glands
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas

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2
Q

Explain the Mucosa Layer of the Digestive Tract.

A

Innermost layer. Has 3 parts labeled most deep to superficial.

Mucous Epithelium:
- Stratified squamous epithelium: in areas of the mouth, oropharynx, esophagus, and canal
- Simple columnar epithelium: in the remaining areas

Lamina Propria:
- Areolar C.T.

Musculairs Mucosae:
- Most important in the stomach and small intestine
- Contractions gently shake the contents

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3
Q

Explain the Submucosa Layer of the Digestive Tract.

A

Second innermost layer. Areolar CT or Dense irregular CT.

Contains a submucosal plexus: Part of the ANS
- Regulates movement of the mucosa
- Regulates vasoconstriction of blood vessels
- Controls secretion of the GI tract

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4
Q

Explain the Muscularis Layer of the Digestive Tract.

A

Third innermost layer. Has 2 layers.

The inner layer is circular smooth muscle. Thichen in some areas to form sphincters. The outer layer is longitudinal smooth muscle.

Contains a Myenteric Plexus: Part of the ANS
- Controls blood vessel diameter
- Controls GI motility

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5
Q

Explain the Serosa Layer of the Digestive Tract.

A

Outermost layer. Serous membrane surrounding portions of the GI tract suspended in the abdominal cavity. Called the visceral peritoneum.

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6
Q

What is the Peritoneum? What are the different parts?

A

The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the walls and organs of the abdominopelvic cavity
- Parietal Peritoneum
- Visceral Peritoneum
- Peritoneal Cavity

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7
Q

Explain the Parietal Peritoneum.

A

Lines the walls of the abdominal cavity

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8
Q

Explain the Visceral Peritoneum.

A

Covers some of the organs in the cavities

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9
Q

Explain the Peritoneal Cavity.

A

Space in between the parietal and visceral peritoneum filled with serous fluid

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10
Q

What are Mesenteries?

A

It’s two layers of serous membranes with loose CT in between.
- Allows blood vessels and nerves to pass from the abdominal wall to the organs.
- Helps hold organs in place

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11
Q

What are Mesenteries proper?

A

A specific type of mesenteries that anchors the small intestine.

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12
Q

What are Transverse and Sigmoid Mesocolom?

A

A specific type of mesenteries that anchors part of the colon to the post-abdominal wall.

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13
Q

What is Lesser Omentum?

A

A specific type of mesenteries anchors the lesser curve of the stomach to the liver and diaphragm.

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14
Q

What is Greater Omentum?

A

A specific type of mesenteries anchors the greater curve of the stomach to the transverse colon. It folds over the small intestine anteriorly.

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15
Q

Explain the Mouth.

A

Entrance to the GI tract where food is ingested and undergoes initial processes of digestion.
*Boundaries:
- Cheeks
- Teeth and Lips
- Oropharynx
- Palate

  • Lined with moist simple stratified squamous epithelium
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16
Q

What are the Regions of the Mouth?

A

Vestibule: space between the gums, lips, and cheeks

Oral Cavity Proper: medial to the teeth

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17
Q

Explain the Tongue.

A

Covered with moist stratified squamous epithelium. Divided into identical lateral halves by a median septum. Taste buds are scattered throughout.

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18
Q

Explain the Extrinsic and Intrinsic muscles of the Tongue.

A

Extrinsic Muscles: Originate outside of the tongue and insert into CT within the tongue.
- Help move tongue side to side and in and out
- Help move food inside the mouth
- Help with speech

Intrinsic Muscles: Originate and insert into CT within the tongue.
- Help alter the shape and size of tongue
- Help with speech and swallowing

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19
Q

Explain the Lingual Frenulum and Lingual Glands of the Tongue.

A

Lingual frenulum: attaches tongue inferiorly to floor of oral cavity

Lingual Glands: located on the dorsal surface
- Secrete lingual lipase and mucous

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20
Q

Explain Salivary Glands.

A

Many small salivary glands are located in the mouth and tongue and open directly into the oral cavity.

3 Major glands: Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual

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21
Q

What are Parotid glands?

A

Salivary glands
- Produces serous saliva

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22
Q

What are Submandibular glands?

A

Salivary glands
- Produces mixed saliva, but more serous than mucous

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23
Q

What are Sublingual glands?

A

Salivary glands
- Produces mixed saliva, but primarily mucous

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24
Q

Explain Saliva.

A

The volume of saliva produced daily varies between 1-1.5 liters. Mainly water.

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25
Q

Explain the Pharynx.

A

Funnel-shaped structure heading from the choana to the esophagus and larynx. Contains 3 pairs of skeletal muscles called the Pharyngeal contractors, they line and form the wall of the pharynx. Transports air, food, and drink.

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26
Q

Explain the Esophagus.

A

10-inch long tube that is normally collapsed. It passes through the esophageal hiatus (opening) of the diaphragm muscle and ends at the superior stomach.
Contains:
- Mucosa: protects from abrasion and wear and tear
- Submucosa: secrete into the lumen
- Musculairs: has an upper and lower esophageal sphincter

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27
Q

Explain the Stomach.

A

Revieces food and drink from the esophagus and acts as a storage container.

Contains a Greater Curvature, Lesser Curvature and Rugae

Has 4 regions:
- Cardiac
- Fundus
- Body
- Pyloric

28
Q

Explain the Cardiac region of the Stomach.

A
  • Surrounds the openings of the esophagus into the stomach
  • Lower esophageal sphincter is located prior to this region
29
Q

Explain the Fundus region of the Stomach.

A
  • Rounded portion of the stomach, located superior and left of the cardiac region
30
Q

Explain the Body region of the Stomach.

A
  • Large central portion located below the fundus region
31
Q

Explain the Pyloric region of the Stomach.

A
  • Has 3 regions: Antrum, Canal, Pylorus
  • Connects to the duodenum via a pyloric sphincter
32
Q

Explain the structure/histology of the Stomach.

A

Muscoas:
- simple columnar epithelial cells
- folds inward to form gastric pits

Submucosa:
- Areolar CT

Muscularis:
- Three layers of smooth muscle
- Longitudinal, Circular, Oblique

Serosa:
- Inner CT layer
- Outer simple squamous epithelium

33
Q

Explain the Small Intestine.

A

Site of most digestion and absorption so adaptations in structure to permit these activities. It runs from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine. Is about 10 feet in length. Has 3 divisions:
- Duodenum: 12 inches
- Jejunum: 3 feet
- Ileum: 6 feet

34
Q

Explain the structure/histology of the Small Intestine.

A
  • Muscosa: simple columnar epithelium that forms intestinal glands
  • Submucosa: contains duodenal glands that secrete alkaline mucous
  • Muscularis: 2 layers of smooth muscle (longitudinal, circular)
35
Q

Explain the Circular Folds of the Small Intestine.

A

Increases surface area and allows for more efficient digestion and absorption of food.
- Ridges cause spiraling of chyme

36
Q

Explain the Villi of the Small Intestine.

A

Increases surface area and allows for more efficient digestion and absorption of food.
- Fingerlike projections of the mucosa
- Blood & lymphatic vessels within it

37
Q

Explain the Microvilli of the Small Intestine.

A

Increases surface area and allows for more efficient digestion and absorption of food.
- Projections from the absorptive cells

38
Q

Explain the Liver.

A

Contains 4 lobes: 2 Major & 2 Minor
- Has the Porta located in between the lobes. Vessels, ducts, and nerves exit/enter the liver here.
- Ducts transport bile out

39
Q

Explain the Gallbladder.

A

Sac-like structure that stores, concentrates, and releases bile that the liver produces. Can hold about 40-60ml of bile until needs to be transported to the duodenum.

40
Q

Explain the Pancreas.

A

Composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissue.
- Endocrine: contains pancreatic islets which produce insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin
- Exocrine: contains groups of acini cells that secrete enzymes

41
Q

Explain #1 of this photo.

A

The hepatic ducts, which carry bile from the liver lobes, combine to form the common hepatic duct.

42
Q

Explain #2 of this photo.

A

The common hepatic duct combines with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct.

43
Q

Explain #3 of this photo.

A

The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct combine to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla

44
Q

Explain #4 of this photo.

A

The hepatopancreatic ampulla empties bile and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.

45
Q

Explain #5 of this photo.

A

The accessory pancreatic duct empties the pancreatic secretions into the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla.

46
Q

Explain the Large Intestine.

A

Terminal portion of the GI tract. Has 4 regions.
- Cecum, Colon, Rectum, Anal Canal

The Mucosa has numerous straight tubular glands called Crypts.
- Has circular and longitudinal muscle layers

47
Q

Explain the Cecum region of the Large Intestine.

A
  • Proximal portion of large intestine. Starts at the ileocecal sphincter.
48
Q

Explain the Colon region of the Large Intestine.

A

Has 4 segments:
- Ascending
- Transverse
- Descending
- Sigmoid

49
Q

Explain the Rectum region of the Large Intestine.

A

Straight, muscular tube that can expand as it accumulates fecal matter

50
Q

Explain the Anal Canal region of the Large Intestine.

A

– Opening to the exterior is the anus
– Guarded by 2 sphincters
» Internal Anal Sphincter
» External Anal Sphincter

51
Q

Identify

A

Greater Omentum

52
Q

Identify

A

Mesentery Proper of Small Intestine

53
Q

Identify

A

Gall Bladder

53
Q

Identify

A

Liver

54
Q

Identify

A

Stomach

55
Q

Identify

A

Tongue

56
Q

Identify

A

Parotid Gland

57
Q

Identify

A

Submandibular Gland

58
Q

Identify

A

Cardia of the stomach

59
Q

Identify

A

Fundus of the stomach

60
Q

Identify

A

Body of the stomach

61
Q

Identify

A

Pyloric part of the stomach

62
Q

Identify

A

Greater curvature of the stomach

63
Q

Identify

A

Lesser curvature of the stomach

64
Q

Identify

A

Ascending colon

65
Q

Identify

A

Transverse colon

66
Q

Identify

A

Descending colon

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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