Lecture 16: Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Polydipsia

A

thirst

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2
Q

Polyuria

A

frequent urination

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3
Q

Polyphagia

A

inc appetite

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4
Q

Diabetes diagnostic criteria

A

just one of the following:
-A1C > 6.5%
-FPG > 126 mg/dL
-2h PG > 200mg/dL
-random PG > 200 mg/dL w sx

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5
Q

Type I diabetes (IDDM)

A

-10% of DM
-glucose intolerance
-no insulin secretion
-almost no pancreatic beta cells
-need exogenous insulin
-ketoacidosis tendencies

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6
Q

Type I Diabetes onset

A

-early (age 12)
-autoimmune response that kills pancreatic B cells
-might be triggered by viruses, chemicals, etc in predisposed individuals
-often no family hx
-aka juvenile onset DM (JODM)

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7
Q

Loss of B-cell mass (BCM) in type I

A

-gradual loss
-FPG normal until 70% of BCM lost
-C-peptide is a maker for insulin secretion when injected insulin present

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8
Q

C-peptide

A

-part of insulin processing
-C-peptide present = little bit of BCM left
-once gone there’s no more BCM

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9
Q

Stage 1 type 1 diabetes BCM

A

-ICA and IAA become positive (autoantibodies)
-normal glucose stimulated insullin release
-BCM declines but FBG stays same*

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10
Q

Stage 2 type 1 diabetes

A

-gradual loss of insulin release
-abnormal OGTT
-FBG starts to increase* (about 70% of BCM loss)

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11
Q

Stage 3 type 1 diabetes

A

-BCM depletes
-FBG spikes
-C-peptide present vs absent?
-overt diabetes
-OGTT will detect hyperglycemia

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12
Q

Autoantigens associated w type I 1A-2 (islet antigen)

A

-57% sensitivity = 57% will develop
-99% selectivity = 99% have Abs

-presence of ANTIBODIES against B cell proteins is a risk factor for type 1

-IA-2, ZnT-8, GAD65, Ca1.3, VAMP-2

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13
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

-non-insulin dependent
-insulin resistance or not enough secretion
-NIDDM
-family history present
-non-obese vs obese

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14
Q

Non-obsese NIDDM

A

-10%
-onset < 25 (MODY)
-low insulin secretion
-mutations in specific proteins

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15
Q

Obese NIDDM

A

-80%
-fastest growing type of DM around the world
-onset > 35
-low insulin secretion for body mass
-insulin resistance/decreased BCM

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16
Q

Consequence of lack of insulin

A

-Hyperglycemia
-Glucosuria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Uninhibited glucagon

17
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

-dec glucose uptake in cells where uptake is insulin dependent (skeletal muscle uptakes the most)
-dec glYcogen synthesis (stored glucose in liver)
-inc conversion of aas to glucose (inc gluconeogenesis (inhibited by insulin))

18
Q

Glucosuria

A

-glucose in urine
-lose more water = dehydration and polydipsia

19
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

-inc fatty acid mobilization from fat cells
-inc fatty acid oxidation = KETOACIDOSIS
-ketone bodies (acetoacetate, hydroxybutyrate)
-unchecked bc low insulin

20
Q

Uninhibited Glucagon

A

-inc levels in the presence of inc blood glucose levels
-opposite of insulin
-stimulates release of glucose from liver
=hyperglycemia

21
Q

Complications of low insulin

A
  1. CV: angiopathies (blood vesels)
  2. Neuropathy: inc use of polyol pathway (aldose reductase) (uses all NADPH which cant be used for oxidative protection)
    -water accumulation in neurons and reduced protection from oxidative damage (neuropathies/nerve pain)
    -Nephropathy: changes to renal vasc and glomerular basement membrane (kidneys/nephropathies)
    -occular: cataracts, microaneurysms, (disrupted blood flow) hemorrhage (retinopathies)
    -inc susceptibility to infections
22
Q

Past goals of insulin therapy and monitoring

A

-reduce symptoms: polyuria, dehydration, ketoacidosis

23
Q

Current goals of insulin therapy

A

-keep AVERAGE BG levels < 150 mg/dL
-prevent/delay onset of complications
-increased risk of hypoglycemia
-A1C < 6 or 7

24
Q

why risk hypoglycemia to tx diabetes?

A

-retinopathy risk increases over A1c
-better to keep it low
-hyperglycemia worse

25
Diabetes
-type 1 and 2 -results from HYPERglycemia
26
Type I DM sx
-polydipsia -polyuria -polyphagia -potential ketoacidosis
27
Diabetic ketoacidosis
-uncontrolled oxidation of fatty acids -accumulation of ketone bodies
28
Ketoacidosis
-using FA for food -oxidation of fat -build up of ketones -lack of insulin makes it harder to shut off FA oxidation
29
T/F: ICA and IAA are only detectable after the onset of diabetes
FALSE
30
Why does uncontrolled type 1 often result in ketoacidosis?
-glucose is not available as fuel -body utilizes fatty acids -insulin inhibits use of fatty acids (cant do in DM) -ketone bodies are acidic