Anticoagulants Flashcards
Clot formation in hemostasis
-strong clot
-cascade mech that activates thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin
-slide 3
Clotting (coagulation) factors
-serine proteases
-glycoproteins
-Ca2+ (factor IV)
-Transglutaminase
-Fibrinogen/Fibrin
Serine proteases
-coag factors
-cleave down-stream factors to activate them
-Factors XII, XI, X, IX, VII, II (procaogulants)
-cleave factors Va and VIIIa to inactivate them
-Protein C (anticoagulant)
Glycoproteins
-co-factors for activation of proteases
-Factors VIII, V, III (tissue factors), protein S
-bind/inhibt thrombin (anti-thrombin III
Ca2+ (Factor IV)
-links some factors to phospholipid membranes
Fibrinogen/Fibrin
-substrate protein for factor IIa (thrombin) that polymerizes to form clot
Transglutaminase
-coag factor
-cross-links fibrin fibers (factor XIII)
Genetic clotting factor diseases
Hemophilia A: def in factor VII (X-linked)
-B: factor IX (X-linked)
-Factor V Leidin: resistance to activated protein C
-Queen victoria carrier of hemophilia B
Where are clotting factors produced
-liver
-except vWF which is in the sub/endothelium and megakaryocytes
-factor VIII also produced in endothelium
-liver disease can have unpredictable effects on coagulation!
Where does coagulation occur
-extrinsic pathway
-intrinsic pathway
Extrinsic pathway of coagulation
-requires a factor (tissue factor) extrinsic to the blood
-initiated by release of tissue thromboplastin
-rapid (15sec to start clot formation)
Intrinsic pathway
-triggered when collagen is exposed on the wall of the blood vessel
-all components in blood
-initiated by contact w negatively charged collagen of diseased or injured vessel
-blood in test tube clots by this mech
Activation of extrinsic pathway
-tissue factor expressed on cells near blood vessels
-TF binds Factor VII in blood
-Factor VIIa binds and cleaves factor X
Activation of Intrinsic pathway
-factor IXa binds factor VIIIa on surface of platelets and activates Factor X
Common pathway in coagulation cascade
-prothrombin activator
-slide 12
-thrombin activation
-converts fibrinogen to long strands on insoluble fibrin
-activates factor XII that cross-links fibrin to form stable clot incorporated into platelet plug
Feedback mech that increase coagulation
-Thrombin activates V and VIII and enhances platelet activation
-platelet activation inc activation of VII, X and cleavage of prothrombin
Feedback mech that DECREASES coagulation
-antithrombin neutralizes procoagulants (thrombin, Xa, IXa) rx accelerated by heparin!
-protein C activated by thrombin binding thrombomodulin, APC forms complex w protein S to inactivate Va and VIIIa
-factor Xa activates tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) to block initital activation of factor VII
Common tests of hemostatic function
-platelet count
-prothrombin time (PT/INR)
-aPTT
-Fibrinogen
-D-dime
Platelet count test
-too low = thrombocytopenia (bone marrow and nutrition probs)
-too high = thrombocytosis
Prothrombin time (PT/INR)
-plasma + thromboplastin + Ca
=clots in 12-14 sec
-INR normal for each lot of thromboplastin
aPTT
-plasma + phospholipid (No TF) + activating agent
-clots 26-33 sec
-monitor heparin therapy
Fibrinogen testing
-less common
-200-400
D-dimer test
-product of fibrin breakdown
tests ordered for coagulation profile (DIC panel)
-Platelet count
-Prothrombin time (PT/INR)
-aPTT
In vitro measurement of coagulation
-add EDTA/citrate
-calcium only (recalcification time 2-4 minutes)
-calcium and partial thromboplastin (just phospholipids) and kaolin (aPTT 26-33sec) INTRINSIC
-ca and thromboplastin (tissue factor and phospholipids) (PT 12-14sec) EXTRINSIC
INR
-international normalized ratio
=(PTtest/PTnorm)^ISI
-PTnorm = 11-14 sec
-TF producers must assign ISI (sensitivity index) to product
INR values
-normal: 0.8-1.2
-therapeutic: 2-3
->3 risk of hemorrhage
Therapeutic Indications for Anticoagulants
-prevent excessive clotting that can lead to occlusion of blood vessels
-stroke
-post MI
-unstable angina
-DVT
-PE
-artificial surfaces
Anticoagulant drug classes
-Vit K antagonists
-Direct thrombin inhibitors
-Heparin
-Fondaparinux
-Direct factor Xa inhibitors
Vitamin K antagonists
-Coumarin anticoagulants
-Warfarin
Coumarin anticoagulants
-warfarin
-originally found in spoiled clover hay that caused hemorrhage in cattle
-all derivatives are water soluble lactones
Warfarin
-S-isomer more potent
-vit k antagonist
Vit K action
-essential for post-translational mods of VII, IX, X, prothrombin, protein C and S
-carboxylase catalyzes y-carboxylation of Glu in prothrombin
-vit k oxidized
Warfarin MOA
-inhibits Vit K epoxide reductase (VKORC1)
=block reduction of vit k epoxide back to its active form
-inhibits II, VII, IX, X
Role odf y-carboxylation of clotting factors
-slide 21
Warfarin therapeutic actions
-delayed onset
-must deplete pool of circulating clotting factors
-max effect 3-5days after initiation
-loading dose 5mg/day
-maintenance dose 2.5 or 5
-after dc therapy, factors must be re-synthesized to return to normal PT (several days)