Lecture 15-Oral Cavity, Tongue And Pharynx

Question 1

What forms the base of the oral cavity?

Answer 1

Tongue

Question 2

What forms the lateral boundary of the oral cavity?

Answer 2

Cheek

Question 3

What is the difference between hard and soft palate?

Answer 3

Hard palate = bone

Soft palate = muscular

Question 4

How many intrinsic muscles of the tongue are there and which nerve innervates them?

Answer 4

4 paired muscles

Hypoglossal nerve

Question 5

What are the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue and what is their innervation?

Answer 5

• genioglossus = CN XII
• styloglossus = CN XII
• hypoglossus = CN XII
• palatoglossus = CN X

Question 6

Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Answer 6

CN Vc

Question 7

Which nerve is responsible for taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Answer 7

CN VII

Question 8

Which nerve is responsible for sensation and taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

Answer 8

CN IX

Question 9

What are the three salivary glands?

Answer 9

• submandibular
• sublingual
• parotid

Question 10

What is the Wharton duct?

Answer 10

Where submandibular glands empty saliva into the mouth

Question 11

Where is the Stensen duct?

Answer 11

Upper 2nd premolar

Question 12

What is sialolithiasis?

Answer 12

Salivary gland stones

Question 13

Where are salivary gland stones most common?

Answer 13

Submandibular glands

Question 14

What are the causes of salivary gland stones?

Answer 14

Dehydration and reduced salivary flow

Question 15

What are the symptoms of salivary gland stones?

Answer 15

Pain in gland, swelling and infection

Question 16

Which tonsils are most commonly affected in tonsillitis?

Answer 16

Palatine tonsils

Question 17

What are the symptoms of tonsillitis?

Answer 17

Fever, sore throat, dysphagia, cervical lymph nodes, bad breath

Question 18

What is peritonsillar abscess?

Answer 18

Infection leading to an abscess in the surrounding tissue, not in the tonsils

Question 19

What are the symptoms of peritonsillar abscess?

Answer 19

Severe throat pain, fever, bad breath, drooling, difficulty opening mouth

Question 20

Where is the nasopharynx?

Answer 20

Space behind the nasal cavity

Question 21

What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx?

Answer 21

Base of the skull to upper border of soft palate

C1, 2 is posterior and nasal cavity is anterior

Question 22

What does the nasopharynx contain?

Answer 22

Pharyngeal tonsil and Eustachian tube

Question 23

Where is the oropharynx?

Answer 23

Posterior to the oral cavity

Question 24

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

Answer 24

Soft palate to the epiglottis
Anterior = oral cavity
Posterior = C2, C3

Question 25

What does the oropharynx contain?

Answer 25

Palatine tonsils

Question 26

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

Answer 26

Between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches is a fossa containing the tonsils

Question 27

What are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx?

Answer 27

Epiglottis to cricoid cartilage

Question 28

What does the laryngopharynx contain?

Answer 28

Piriform fossa (epiglottis diverts contents into the oesophagus via this fossa)

Question 29

What are the longitudinal muscles elevating the pharynx and larynx during swallowing?

Answer 29

- stylopharyngeus - palatopharyngeus - salpingopharyngeus

Question 30

Which nerve innervates stylopharyngeus?

Answer 30

CN IX

Question 31

Which nerve innervates palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus?

Answer 31

CN X

Question 32

What are the circular muscles that constrict the walls of the pharynx when swallowing?

Answer 32

- superior pharyngeal constrictor - middle pharyngeal constrictor - inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Question 33

What are the two parts of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

Answer 33

- thyropharyngeal part | - cricopharyngeal part

Question 34

Which nerve innervates the pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

Answer 34

CN X

Question 35

Where is the pharyngeal plexus located and which nerves are included in it?

Answer 35

On the surface of the middle constrictor muscle | CN IX, X and cervical sympathetic nerves

Question 36

What is the sensory innervation to the nasopharynx?

Answer 36

CN Vb

Question 37

What is the sensory innervation to the oropharynx?

Answer 37

CN IX

Question 38

What is the sensory innervation to the laryngopharynx?

Answer 38

CN X

Question 39

Describe stage 1 of swallowing

Answer 39

Oral phase: - voluntary - preparatory phase = bolus is made - transit phase = bolus is pushed into the oropharynx by tongue and soft palate - controlled by CN XII

Question 40

Describe stage 2 of swallowing

Answer 40

Pharyngeal phase: - involuntary - tongue against hard palate (CN XII) - soft palate elevated and seals off nasopharynx - suprahyoid and longitudinal muscles shorten so pharynx widens for bolus, larynx elevated and sealed off by epiglottis - relaxation of UOS

Question 41

Describe stage 3 of swallowing

Answer 41

Oesophageal phase: - involuntary - upper striated muscle of oesophagus, lower smooth muscle

Question 42

What are the causes of dysphagia?

Answer 42

- stroke - Parkinson’s - COPD - dementia - fibrous strictures due to oesophageal reflux or other blockages

Question 43

What are the signs and symptoms of dysphagia?

Answer 43

- coughing and choking - sialorrhoea (drool) - recurrent pneumonia - change in voice - nasal regurgitation

Question 44

What is the sensory limb of the gag reflex?

Answer 44

CN IX

Question 45

What is the motor limb of the gag reflex?

Answer 45

CN X

Question 46

What can damage to CN XII lead to?

Answer 46

Wasted tongue