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Semester 3-AHNNA > Lecture 10&17-Embryology > Flashcards

Lecture 10&17-Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: each pharyngeal arch has a nerve, artery and cartilage associated with it

A

TRUE

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2
Q

What are pharyngeal arches?

A

Mesenchymal proliferations in the neck region of the embryo

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3
Q

How many pharyngeal arches do humans have?

A

5 (numbered 1 to 6 because the 5th one doesn’t exist in humans)

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4
Q

Which arch is the largest?

A

1st arch

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5
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

CN V

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6
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

CN VII

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7
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A

CN IX

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8
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches?

A

CN X

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9
Q

What are the muscular derivatives of 1st Ph arch?

A

Muscles of mastication

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10
Q

What are the muscular derivatives of 2nd Ph arch?

A

Muscles of facial expression

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11
Q

What are the muscular derivatives of 3rd Ph arch?

A

Stylopharyngeus

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12
Q

What are the muscular derivatives of 4th Ph arch?

A

Cricothyroid and pharynx constrictors

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13
Q

What are the muscular derivatives of 6th Ph arch?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

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14
Q

True or false: the cartilage bar associated with each Ph arch is derived from mesoderm

A

FALSE - neural crest

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15
Q

Which cartilage is associated with 1st Ph arch and what does it form?

A
  • Meckel’s

- malleus and incus and template of mandible

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16
Q

Which cartilage is associated with 2nd Ph arch and what does it form?

A
  • Reichert’s

- stapes and upper part of hyoid bone

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17
Q

What does the cartilage associated with 3rd Ph arch form?

A

Rest of hyoid bone

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18
Q

What does the cartilages associated with 4th and 6th Ph arches form?

A

Cartilage of larynx

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19
Q

The arteries associated with which two Ph arches disappears?

A

1st and 2nd arches

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20
Q

Which artery is associated with 3rd Ph arch?

A

Internal carotid

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21
Q

Which artery is associated with 4th Ph arch?

A

Arch of aorta on left side and brachiocephalic trunk on right side

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22
Q

Which artery is associated with 6th Ph arch?

A

Pulmonary arch

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23
Q

What is the difference between pharyngeal clefts and pouches?

A

Cleft on outside and pouch on inside

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24
Q

What are pharyngeal pouches lined with?

A

Endoderm

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25
What does the 1st Ph pouch become?
Eustachian tube
26
Which Ph cleft remains and what does it become?
1st cleft develops into external auditory meatus
27
What happens to the other Ph clefts?
2nd cleft grows down and covers the others
28
Which two abnormalities can occur if the clefts aren’t obliterated and what are they?
- Branchial cyst=tissue fluid collects in neck region, around SCM - Branchial fistula=fluid secreted onto surface of neck
29
Which arch constitutes part of the facial primordia?
1st
30
When do the eyes move to their normal position?
After completion of facial development
31
What are the embryological components of the face?
- stomatodeum = buccopharyngeal membrane - frontonasal prominence (FNP) - brain is under - 1st Ph arch: maxillary and mandibular prominences
32
What does the FNP develop into?
Forehead, bridge of the nose, nose and philtrum
33
What does the maxillary prominence develop into?
Cheeks, lateral upper lip and upper jaw
34
What does the mandibular prominence develop into?
Lower lip and jaw
35
Describe the development of the nose
Nasal placodes (thickening of endoderm) on the FNP sink to form nasal pits. Medial and lateral nasal prominences form on either side of these pits. When the maxillary prominences grow medially, the nasal prominences are pushed closer together in the midline until the medial prominences fuse together and with maxillary prominences
36
What forms the oral fissure?
Rupture of the buccopharyngeal membrane
37
What does the fusion of the medial nasal prominences form?
Intermaxillary segment: philtrum, upper jaw (4 incisors) and primary palate
38
What is the main part of the definitive palate (2º palate) derived from?
Palatal shelves from maxillary prominence which grow downwards into the oral cavity on each side of the tongue
39
What allows the tongue to “drop”?
Growth of the mandible
40
What happens in a lateral cleft lip?
Failure of fusion of medial nasal prominence and maxillary prominence
41
What is a cleft lip and palate?
Combined failure of palatal shelves to meet in midline
42
Where do the external ears initially develop?
In the neck
43
What does the 2nd Ph pouch become?
Palatine tonsil
44
What do the 3rd and 4th Ph pouches become?
Thymus and parathyroid
45
Where does the pituitary gland sit?
Sella turcica in sphenoid bone
46
What are the origins of the two lobes of the pituitary gland?
- anterior: Rathke’s pouch = ectoderm | - posterior: infundibulum = neurectoderm
47
Describe how the infundibulum develops into the posterior pituitary gland
Downward out-growth of the forebrain and grows towards the roof of the pharynx where it becomes the posterior pituitary
48
Describe how Rathke’s pouch forms the anterior pituitary
Out-pocketing of ectoderm of the stomatodeum which evaginates through the roof of the pharynx and grows dorsally towards the developing forebrain. It aims to meet the infundibulum which grows down from inside the skull
49
How is Rathke’s pouch walled off from the oral cavity beneath?
Pinches off from stomatodeum and sphenoid bone ossified beneath it
50
True or false: the tongue is only in the oral cavity
FALSE - oral cavity and partly in pharynx
51
How is the tongue tethered to the oral cavity?
Lingual frenulum
52
What is the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Intrinsic muscles change the shape of the tongue and extrinsic muscles move the tongue in the mouth
53
What separates the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Sulcus terminalis
54
What is the point of sulcus terminalis called?
Foramen cecum
55
True or false: the tongue receives components from each Ph arch
TRUE
56
Which arch forms the two lateral swellings of the tongue?
1st
57
Describe the three median lingual swellings of the tongue and the Ph arches from which they are derived
- tuberculum impar=1st arch - cupola=2nd, 3rd and 4th arches - epiglottal swelling=4th arch
58
Describe the final stages of development of the tongue
- Lateral lingual swellings overgrow the tuberculum impar - 3rd arch part of the cupola overgrows the 2nd arch part - extensive apoptosis to free the tongue from the floor of the oral cavity
59
Which CNs provide sensory to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
CN V and CN IX (because 1st and 3rd arches form this part)
60
Which CNs provide sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
CN IX and CN X
61
Where do the taste buds develop and which CN innervates them?
Papillae and CN VII (chorda tympani branch)
62
Describe the motor innervation to the tongue
Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles develop from myogenic precursors that migrate into the developing tongue from occipital somites. CN XII emerges from the hindbrain and innervates these somites and its derivatives
63
Where does the primordium of the thyroid gland appear?
In the floor of the pharynx between tuberculum impar and cupola
64
What marks the start of the descent of the thyroid?
Foramen cecum
65
What is the thyroglossal duct?
During the descent of the thyroid, the gland remains connected to the tongue by this duct
66
What is a remnant of the thyroglossal cyst called?
Pyramidal lobe (in 50% of the population)
67
What’s the difference between a thyroglossal cyst and a branchial cyst?
Thyroglossal is midline, branchial is over SCM
68
What is Treacher Collins syndrome?
An autosomal dominant condition in which there is hypoplasia of the mandible and facial bones due to protein insufficiency which impacts on neural crest cell migration
69
What is the general cause of 1st Ph arch syndromes?
Failure of colonisation of 1st Ph arch with neural crest cells
70
What is Di-George syndrome?
Deletion on chromosome 22 (CATCH 22) -> disruption of development of 3rd and 4th Ph arches’ neural crest cells -> thymic aplasia and absence of parathyroid glands ->compromised immunity and hypocalcaemia
71
What is CHARGE syndrome?
CHD 7 heterozygous mutation (need CHD7 to produce neural crest)
72
What are the symptoms of CHARGE syndrome?
- Coloboma (hole in structure of eye) - Heart defects - choanal Atresia (blockage of back of nasal passage) - growth and development Retardation - Genital hypoplasia - Ear defects

Semester 3-AHNNA (15 decks)

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