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Semester 3-AHNNA > Lecture 10&17-Embryology > Flashcards

Lecture 10&17-Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: each pharyngeal arch has a nerve, artery and cartilage associated with it

A

TRUE

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2
Q

What are pharyngeal arches?

A

Mesenchymal proliferations in the neck region of the embryo

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3
Q

How many pharyngeal arches do humans have?

A

5 (numbered 1 to 6 because the 5th one doesn’t exist in humans)

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4
Q

Which arch is the largest?

A

1st arch

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5
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

CN V

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6
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

CN VII

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7
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A

CN IX

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8
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches?

A

CN X

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9
Q

What are the muscular derivatives of 1st Ph arch?

A

Muscles of mastication

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10
Q

What are the muscular derivatives of 2nd Ph arch?

A

Muscles of facial expression

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11
Q

What are the muscular derivatives of 3rd Ph arch?

A

Stylopharyngeus

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12
Q

What are the muscular derivatives of 4th Ph arch?

A

Cricothyroid and pharynx constrictors

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13
Q

What are the muscular derivatives of 6th Ph arch?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

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14
Q

True or false: the cartilage bar associated with each Ph arch is derived from mesoderm

A

FALSE - neural crest

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15
Q

Which cartilage is associated with 1st Ph arch and what does it form?

A
  • Meckel’s

- malleus and incus and template of mandible

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16
Q

Which cartilage is associated with 2nd Ph arch and what does it form?

A
  • Reichert’s

- stapes and upper part of hyoid bone

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17
Q

What does the cartilage associated with 3rd Ph arch form?

A

Rest of hyoid bone

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18
Q

What does the cartilages associated with 4th and 6th Ph arches form?

A

Cartilage of larynx

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19
Q

The arteries associated with which two Ph arches disappears?

A

1st and 2nd arches

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20
Q

Which artery is associated with 3rd Ph arch?

A

Internal carotid

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21
Q

Which artery is associated with 4th Ph arch?

A

Arch of aorta on left side and brachiocephalic trunk on right side

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22
Q

Which artery is associated with 6th Ph arch?

A

Pulmonary arch

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23
Q

What is the difference between pharyngeal clefts and pouches?

A

Cleft on outside and pouch on inside

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24
Q

What are pharyngeal pouches lined with?

A

Endoderm

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25
Q

What does the 1st Ph pouch become?

A

Eustachian tube

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26
Q

Which Ph cleft remains and what does it become?

A

1st cleft develops into external auditory meatus

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27
Q

What happens to the other Ph clefts?

A

2nd cleft grows down and covers the others

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28
Q

Which two abnormalities can occur if the clefts aren’t obliterated and what are they?

A
  • Branchial cyst=tissue fluid collects in neck region, around SCM
  • Branchial fistula=fluid secreted onto surface of neck
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29
Q

Which arch constitutes part of the facial primordia?

A

1st

30
Q

When do the eyes move to their normal position?

A

After completion of facial development

31
Q

What are the embryological components of the face?

A
  • stomatodeum = buccopharyngeal membrane
  • frontonasal prominence (FNP) - brain is under
  • 1st Ph arch: maxillary and mandibular prominences
32
Q

What does the FNP develop into?

A

Forehead, bridge of the nose, nose and philtrum

33
Q

What does the maxillary prominence develop into?

A

Cheeks, lateral upper lip and upper jaw

34
Q

What does the mandibular prominence develop into?

A

Lower lip and jaw

35
Q

Describe the development of the nose

A

Nasal placodes (thickening of endoderm) on the FNP sink to form nasal pits. Medial and lateral nasal prominences form on either side of these pits. When the maxillary prominences grow medially, the nasal prominences are pushed closer together in the midline until the medial prominences fuse together and with maxillary prominences

36
Q

What forms the oral fissure?

A

Rupture of the buccopharyngeal membrane

37
Q

What does the fusion of the medial nasal prominences form?

A

Intermaxillary segment: philtrum, upper jaw (4 incisors) and primary palate

38
Q

What is the main part of the definitive palate (2º palate) derived from?

A

Palatal shelves from maxillary prominence which grow downwards into the oral cavity on each side of the tongue

39
Q

What allows the tongue to “drop”?

A

Growth of the mandible

40
Q

What happens in a lateral cleft lip?

A

Failure of fusion of medial nasal prominence and maxillary prominence

41
Q

What is a cleft lip and palate?

A

Combined failure of palatal shelves to meet in midline

42
Q

Where do the external ears initially develop?

A

In the neck

43
Q

What does the 2nd Ph pouch become?

A

Palatine tonsil

44
Q

What do the 3rd and 4th Ph pouches become?

A

Thymus and parathyroid

45
Q

Where does the pituitary gland sit?

A

Sella turcica in sphenoid bone

46
Q

What are the origins of the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A
  • anterior: Rathke’s pouch = ectoderm

- posterior: infundibulum = neurectoderm

47
Q

Describe how the infundibulum develops into the posterior pituitary gland

A

Downward out-growth of the forebrain and grows towards the roof of the pharynx where it becomes the posterior pituitary

48
Q

Describe how Rathke’s pouch forms the anterior pituitary

A

Out-pocketing of ectoderm of the stomatodeum which evaginates through the roof of the pharynx and grows dorsally towards the developing forebrain. It aims to meet the infundibulum which grows down from inside the skull

49
Q

How is Rathke’s pouch walled off from the oral cavity beneath?

A

Pinches off from stomatodeum and sphenoid bone ossified beneath it

50
Q

True or false: the tongue is only in the oral cavity

A

FALSE - oral cavity and partly in pharynx

51
Q

How is the tongue tethered to the oral cavity?

A

Lingual frenulum

52
Q

What is the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Intrinsic muscles change the shape of the tongue and extrinsic muscles move the tongue in the mouth

53
Q

What separates the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Sulcus terminalis

54
Q

What is the point of sulcus terminalis called?

A

Foramen cecum

55
Q

True or false: the tongue receives components from each Ph arch

A

TRUE

56
Q

Which arch forms the two lateral swellings of the tongue?

A

1st

57
Q

Describe the three median lingual swellings of the tongue and the Ph arches from which they are derived

A
  • tuberculum impar=1st arch
  • cupola=2nd, 3rd and 4th arches
  • epiglottal swelling=4th arch
58
Q

Describe the final stages of development of the tongue

A
  • Lateral lingual swellings overgrow the tuberculum impar
  • 3rd arch part of the cupola overgrows the 2nd arch part
  • extensive apoptosis to free the tongue from the floor of the oral cavity
59
Q

Which CNs provide sensory to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

CN V and CN IX (because 1st and 3rd arches form this part)

60
Q

Which CNs provide sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

CN IX and CN X

61
Q

Where do the taste buds develop and which CN innervates them?

A

Papillae and CN VII (chorda tympani branch)

62
Q

Describe the motor innervation to the tongue

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles develop from myogenic precursors that migrate into the developing tongue from occipital somites. CN XII emerges from the hindbrain and innervates these somites and its derivatives

63
Q

Where does the primordium of the thyroid gland appear?

A

In the floor of the pharynx between tuberculum impar and cupola

64
Q

What marks the start of the descent of the thyroid?

A

Foramen cecum

65
Q

What is the thyroglossal duct?

A

During the descent of the thyroid, the gland remains connected to the tongue by this duct

66
Q

What is a remnant of the thyroglossal cyst called?

A

Pyramidal lobe (in 50% of the population)

67
Q

What’s the difference between a thyroglossal cyst and a branchial cyst?

A

Thyroglossal is midline, branchial is over SCM

68
Q

What is Treacher Collins syndrome?

A

An autosomal dominant condition in which there is hypoplasia of the mandible and facial bones due to protein insufficiency which impacts on neural crest cell migration

69
Q

What is the general cause of 1st Ph arch syndromes?

A

Failure of colonisation of 1st Ph arch with neural crest cells

70
Q

What is Di-George syndrome?

A

Deletion on chromosome 22 (CATCH 22) -> disruption of development of 3rd and 4th Ph arches’ neural crest cells -> thymic aplasia and absence of parathyroid glands ->compromised immunity and hypocalcaemia

71
Q

What is CHARGE syndrome?

A

CHD 7 heterozygous mutation (need CHD7 to produce neural crest)

72
Q

What are the symptoms of CHARGE syndrome?

A
  • Coloboma (hole in structure of eye)
  • Heart defects
  • choanal Atresia (blockage of back of nasal passage)
  • growth and development Retardation
  • Genital hypoplasia
  • Ear defects

Semester 3-AHNNA (15 decks)

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