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Semester 3-AHNNA > Lecture 1 - General Organisation of the Head and Neck > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - General Organisation of the Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial Nerve

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2
Q

Which branch of the nerve innervating the muscles of facial expression innervates:

1) orbicularis oculi
2) orbicularis oris
3) buccinator

A

1) Temporal and zygomatic branches of facial nerve
2) Buccal branch
3) Buccal branch

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3
Q

What is the action of orbicularis oculi?

A

Closes eye

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4
Q

What is the action of orbicularis oris?

A

Closes mouth

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5
Q

What is the action of buccinator?

A

Holds cheek close to teeth when chewing to prevent food pooling between cheek and gums

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6
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

A

Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

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7
Q

What is the action of the masseter muscle?

A

Elevates mandible and closes jaw

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8
Q

What is the action of temporalis?

A

Elevates mandible

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9
Q

What are the actions of the pterygoids?

A

Protrudes mandible, opens jaw, elevation and contralateral excursion

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10
Q

Which nerve innervates levator palpebrae superioris (LPS)?

A

Oculomotor nerve

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11
Q

What does LPS do?

A

Elevates upper eyelid

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12
Q

Which nerve innervates occipitofrontalis?

A

Facial nerve

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13
Q

What is the action of occipitofrontalis?

A

Elevates eyebrows

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14
Q

Which fascial layer is the platysma muscle found in?

A

Superficial cervical fascia

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15
Q

Which nerve innervates platysma?

A

Facial nerve

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16
Q

What is the action of platysma?

A

Depresses corner of mouth and assists depression of mandible

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17
Q

Where are the attachment sites of platysma?

A

Originates from lower mandible, runs down neck, over clavicle and inserts into chest wall

18
Q

Which nerve innervates sternocleidomastoid (SCM)?

A

Accessory nerve

19
Q

What are the attachment sites of SCM?

A

Arises from sternum and clavicle and inserts into mastoid process

20
Q

What is the action of SCM?

A

Lateral flexion of neck and tilts chin up to contralateral side. When both muscles contract, neck flexes

21
Q

What is torticollis?

A

Distonic muscle (abnormally contracts)

22
Q

Which nerve innervates trapezius?

A

Accessory nerve

23
Q

What are the attachment sites of trapezius?

A

Originates from external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal line and inserts into spine of scapula, acromion and lateral third of clavicle

24
Q

What is the action of trapezius?

A

Elevates shoulder

25
Q

True or false: digastric is an infra-hyoid muscle

A

FALSE - digastric is suprahyoid

26
Q

True or false: omohyoid is a suprahyoid muscle

A

FALSE - omohyoid is infrahyoid

27
Q

Where does digastric attach?

A

Mandible, hyoid bone and mastoid process

28
Q

Where does omohyoid attach?

A

Scapula, passes under SCM

29
Q

What are the borders of the carotid triangle?

A

SCM, digastric and omohyoid muscles

30
Q

What are the fascial planes of the neck?

A 
Superficial cervical fascia
Deep cervical fascia:
Investing layer
Pre-tracheal (+buccopharyngeal fascia)
Pre-vertebral layer
Carotid sheath
31
Q

Which structures pass through the carotid sheath?

A

Common carotid artery, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve

32
Q

Which structures pass through the pre-tracheal fascia layer?

A

Thyroid gland, trachea and oesophagus

33
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Inferior margin of mandible
Imaginary midline of neck
Anterior margin of SCM

34
Q

What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Clavicle
Posterior margin of SCM
Anterior margin of trapezius

35
Q

Describe the implications for the spread of infection within the neck as a result of compartmentalisation by cervical fascial planes

A

Retropharyngeal space and pre-tracheal spaces extend inferiorly into mediastinum. Infections within these spaces can spread to cause mediastinitis

36
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A 
Skin
Connective tissue (dense)
Aponeurosis (epicranial)
Loose areolar connective tissue 
Periosteum
37
Q

What is found in the skin layer of the scalp?

A

Hair follicles and sebaceous glands

38
Q

Which two muscles does the aponeurosis of the scalp connect?

A

Occipitalis and frontalis

39
Q

Where are scalp infections usually present, why and where can these infections spread to?

A

Loose CT
Pus and blood spread easily within and can pass into cranial cavity along emissary veins therefore infections can spread from scalp to meninges -> meningitis

40
Q

Why do scalp lacerations lead to profuse bleeding?

A

1) pull of occipitofrontalis muscle prevents closure of bleeding vessels and skin
2) blood vessels stuck to dense CT and therefore cannot constrict fully
3) anastomotic blood supply

Semester 3-AHNNA (15 decks)

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