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Semester 3-AHNNA > Lecture 14-Nose And Paranasal Sinuses > Flashcards

Lecture 14-Nose And Paranasal Sinuses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the nose and nasal cavity?

A
  • smell
  • route for inspired air
  • filters inspired air
  • moistens and warms air
  • resonating chamber for speech
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2
Q

What does inspired air enter through?

A

Vestibule

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3
Q

What is the vestibule lined with and what does it contain?

A

Lined with skin and contains hair within the nostrils and sebaceous glands

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4
Q

Which bones make up the external nose?

A

Nasal bone and frontal process of the maxilla

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5
Q

What allows time for filtering, warming and humidifying air in the nasal cavity?

A

Large SA which slows the air flow, allowing time for the above

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6
Q

What is the nasal cavity lined with?

A

Mucous membrane

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7
Q

What are the two different types of mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity and what are their functions?

A
  • olfactory mucous membrane with receptor ends of CN I
  • Respiratory mucous membrane lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium to filter, humidify and warm the air
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8
Q

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Hard palate

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9
Q

What forms the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A
  • bony projections=conchae/turbinates

- meatuses

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10
Q

What drains below the meatuses?

A

Paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts

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11
Q

What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Frontal bone, crista galli, cribriform plate of ethmoid bone and sphenoid bone

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12
Q

What forms the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Septal cartilage and nasal septum (perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone and vomer bone)

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13
Q

What is a septal haematoma?

A

Trauma to nose -> buckling of septum and shearing of blood vessels -> blood accumulates between perichondrium and cartilage

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14
Q

What can an untreated septal haematoma lead to?

A

Avascular necrosis of the septum -> saddle-nose deformity

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15
Q

What is the nerve innervation to the nose and nasal cavity?

A

Most is CN Vb but some from CN Va

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16
Q

What are nasal polyps?

A

Fleshy, benign swellings of nasal mucosa

17
Q

What are the symptoms of nasal polyps?

A
  • blocked nose
  • watery rhinorrhoea
  • post-nasal drip
  • decreased smell and taste
  • unilateral blood-tinged secretion
18
Q

What is rhinitis?

A

Inflammation of nasal mucosal lining

19
Q

What can cause rhinitis?

A

Simple acute infection (cold) or allergy

20
Q

What are the symptoms of rhinitis?

A
  • Nasal congestion
  • rhinorrhoea
  • sneezing
  • nasal irritation
  • postnasal drip
21
Q

If the discharge in kids is smelly and blood-stained, what is the most likely cause?

A

Foreign body

22
Q

What is the arterial supply to the nasal mucosa?

A

Ophthalmic artery and maxillary artery

23
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

Nose-bleed

24
Q

What is the most common source of epistaxis?

A

Kiesselbach’s plexus/Little’s area

25
Q

True or false: bleeding from sphenopalatine artery is more serious and harder to treat

A

TRUE

26
Q

How can a nose bleed be dealt with?

A

Apply compression and lean forward. If this fails, cauterise using silver nitrate. If this fails, anterior packing using nasal tampons and if this fails, posterior packing and surgery as a last resort

27
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Air filled spaces that are extensions of nasal cavity

28
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses lined with?

A

Respiratory mucosa

29
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Humidify and warm air (and reduce weight of the skull)

30
Q

Where do the paranasal air sinuses drain into?

A

Nasal cavity via small channels called ostia

31
Q

What are the four paranasal air sinuses?

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary

32
Q

Why is toothache a symptom of sinusitis?

A

Roots of the upper teeth project into the maxillary sinus

33
Q

What is the nerve innervation to the paranasal air sinuses?

A
  • frontal, ethmoidal and sphenoid = CN Va

- maxillary = CN Vb

34
Q

What is acute sinusitis?

A

Acute inflammation of sinus lining - commonly infective and secondary to viral infection

35
Q

What are the symptoms of acute sinusitis?

A
  • non-resolving cold
  • pyrexia
  • blocked nose
  • rhinorrhoea
  • headache
36
Q

Why is the maxillary sinus the most common site for sinusitis?

A

The opening is high in the nasal cavity so it is hard to drain

Semester 3-AHNNA (15 decks)

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