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Body Logistics > Lecture 14- Cartilage And Bone > Flashcards

Lecture 14- Cartilage And Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three types of cartilage

A

1) fibrocartilage
2) elastic cartilage
3) hyaline cartilage

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2
Q

Is cartilage an example of connective tissue ?

A

Yes

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3
Q

What type of collagen is mainly found in hyaline cartilage

A

Type 2 collagen

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4
Q

What type of cartilage is found in fibrocartilage

A
  • collagen 1
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5
Q

What cell type is found in hyaline cartilage ?

A

Chondrocytes ONLY

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6
Q

Does cartilage contain blood vessels ?

A

No , they are avascular

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7
Q

Why is hyaline cartilage very resilient?

A
  • because they contain a lot of the ground substance hyaluronic acid , which brings in water into the tissue. Water is non compressible ,
  • contain many type 11 collagens too which aid with flexibility.
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8
Q

What is the role of the perichondrial region?

A
  • produces fibroblast precursors which develops into chondroblasts.
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9
Q

What makes up a hyaluronate proteoglycan in cartilage tissue ?

A
  • proteoglycans monomer and hyaluronicn acid.
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10
Q

How many hyaluronate proteoglycan aggregates are there per collagen fibril are there in cartilage compared to loose connective tissue ?

A
  • 100.

- compared to 10.

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11
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found ?

A

Pcartilage sin the nose

  • articular cartilage of a joints in shoulder , knee , elbows , ankles and wrists
  • costal cartilage In ribs
  • cartilage in invertebral discs
  • larynx
  • trachea
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12
Q

What is growth from the periphery called ?

A

Appositional growth

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13
Q

What is growth from the centre called ?

A

Interstitial growth

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14
Q

What is the role of hyaline cartilage in trachae ?

A
  • keeps the airway open to prevent collapsing of the trachea when the pressure drops
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15
Q

What type of epithelium lines the trachae ?

A

Pseudostraified epithelium

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16
Q

Why do people with rheumatoid arthritis have pain ?

A
  • in adults , chondorcytes do not repair once they are damaged.
  • so when cartilage is damaged, they cannot be repaired.
  • instead fibroblasts lay down scar tissue.

-

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17
Q

What cell type is present in elastic tissue ?

A

CHONDORCYTES ONLY

18
Q

What is the main fibre in elastic cartilage ?

A

Elastic fibres

19
Q

Where are the 3 places in the body you would find elastic cartilage ?

A

1) Pinner of the ear ( external ear)
2) Eustachian tube
3) epiglottis

20
Q

What are the cell types of fibrocartilage ?

A

1) fibroblasts

2) chondrocytes

21
Q

What is fibrocartilage a combination of what two tissues ?

A

1) regular dense connective tissue

2) hyaline cartilage

22
Q

Is there a perichondrium in fibrocartilage ?

A

No

23
Q

What are 3 differ ncs between fibrocartilage and elastic cartilage ?

A

1) elastic cartilage could contain a perichondrium whereas fibrocartilage cannot.
2) fibrocartilage contains chondrocytes and fibroblasts , whereas elastic cartilage contains chondrocytes only.
3) elastic cartilage is found in the pinna of the ear , Eustachian tube , epiglottis whereas fibrocartilage is found in the intervertebral discs , articular discs in the sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints , the meniscus in the knee , pubic symphysis

24
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found ?

A

Intervertebralmdiscs

  • articular joints of the temporomandibular joints , sternoclavicular joints
  • the meniscus of the knee
  • pubic symphysis
25
Q

What are the two most common injuries that patients come to the GP with !

A

1) knee meniscus injuries

2) intervertebral discs

26
Q

What is the main role of the fibrocartilage ?

A

1) 1) act as a shock absorber
2) resist shearing forces eg when we jump up and then down - the reason why we don’t break ourselves is because the fibrocartilage found in the places they are found.

27
Q

What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis ?

A

— an autoimmune disease

  • there is inflammation in the synovial membrane because antibodies attack the synovial membrane- the tissue that lines the joint.
  • joint capsule becomes swollen.
  • immune cells number increases which in turn causes damage to the cartilage and bone - causing it to erode.
28
Q

What is the cause of osteoarthritis?

A
  • narrowing of joint space which causes bone to rub together
  • mechanical failure of the articular cartilage
29
Q

What is articular cartilage ?

A
  • tissue that covers the ends of the bones where they come together to form joints.
  • they do not have perichondrium
  • avascular
  • nourished from synovial fluid
30
Q

Outline the steps in endochrondral ossification

A

1) at 6-8 weeks a hyaline cartilage model is formed,
2) Still at 6-8 weeks , a bone collar forms ( which later develops into compact bone)
3) at 8-12 weeks : central ossification centre forms through calcification. Nutrient artery penetrates which provides bone-depleting osteogenic cells.
4) POST NATAL: cartilage forms epiphyseal growth plate. Medulla becomes cancellous bone. Secondary ossification centres form.
4) PRE PUBERTAL : epiphyses ossify.
5) PUBERTY : growth of bone is stimulated by IGF, oestrogen
6) MATURE ADULT : there are no longer epiphyseal plates as they are replaced by bone. Hyaline articular cartilage persists to prevent friction between bones.

31
Q

What type of cell forms an osteoblasts?

A

Osteoprogenitor which is a stem cell - often called an osteogenic cell

32
Q

What are the functions of osteoblasts ?

A
  • cannot be divided

- lays down new bone during skeletal development and re modelling.

33
Q

Where are oestoblasts found ?

A

They are usually found in large numbers in the periosteum and the endosteum.

34
Q

Function of oestoclasts

A

Huge cells

  • they are fused monocytes
  • found on the surface of cortical bone ( periosteum ) and on the inner surface of cortical bone being the endosteum.
  • reabsorption of existing bone.
35
Q

How do osteocytes form ?

A

they are formerOsteoblasts that have been trapped in the matrix they made.

36
Q

Where are osteocytes located ?

A
  • occupies a small region in the bone called lacuna

- which is contained within calcified matrix of bone

37
Q

What secretes osteoids??

A
  • osteoblasts
38
Q

Are osteoclasts found in cortical bone ?

A

No , they are only found in the periosteum and endosteum.

39
Q

What are osteons

A
  • they are cylinder structures found in compact bone.
  • they contain osteocytes
  • connected by cannaniculi which transports blood.
  • each osteon contains lamellae of compact mineralised collagen
40
Q

What is periosteum and endosteum?

A
  • periosteum is the outer surface layer of the compact /cortical bone. Whereas endosteum is found on the inner surface of the cortical / compact bone.
41
Q

What does an osteon contain ?

A
  • consists of lamellae which are layers of compact matrix that surround a central canal called the Haversian canal.
  • the Haversian canal contains the bones blood vessels and nerves.
42
Q

What is the role of the Volkmans canal ?

A
  • they connect adjacent osteons and connect the blood vessels of the Haversian canals with the periosteum.

Body Logistics (20 decks)

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