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Body Logistics > Lecture 11 bone , Bone Marrow , Vessels And Blood > Flashcards

Lecture 11 bone , Bone Marrow , Vessels And Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is one way bones can be classified and what are examples ??

A
  • according to their shape
  • there are 5 differently shaped bones.
  • 1) flat
  • 2) irregular
  • 3) long
  • 4) short
    5) sesamoid
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2
Q

What are examples of long bone ?

A

Lower limbs bing : femur , tibia , fibula

  • upper limb : radius , ulna , humerus
  • small bones in fingers and toes.
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3
Q

What is the function of long bones ?

A
  • to facilitate movement

2) support the weight of the body

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4
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

Carpal bones in the wrist (scaphoid) and tarsal bones in the ankles ( calcaneus)

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5
Q

What is one feature of long bones ?

A

-they are longer than they are wide.

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6
Q

What is one feature of short bones ?

A

They are as long as they are wide .

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7
Q

What are examples of flat bone ?

A
  • skull ( occipital)
  • sternum and ribs
  • pelvis ( Illium)
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8
Q

What are the functions of the flat bones ?

A

Protects internal organs

  • provide large areas for attachment of muscles
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9
Q

What is an example of irregular bones ?

A

Vertebrae - protects the spinal cord

  • pelvis ( sacrum) : protects pelvic cavity

-

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10
Q

What is an example of a sesamoid bone ?

A

Patella

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11
Q

What are features of the sesamoid bones ?

A
  • they are round
  • they reside within tendons ( eg in the hand , feet , knees )
  • only develop post Natally
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12
Q

What is cancellous bone ?

A

Foundfound on the internal surface of bone , they have many spaces in between them

  • also known as trabaculae
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13
Q

Where is bone marrow found

A
  • in between the spaces of the cancellous bone
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14
Q

Where is compact bone found

A
  • forms the external surfaces of bone

- comprises of 80% of skeletal mass.

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15
Q

What percentage of bone marrow makes up total body mass of humans ?

A

4%.

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16
Q

What are the two types of bone marrow ?

A

1) yellow bone marrow ( centre )

2) red bone marrow ( outer)

17
Q

What are 2 differences between yellow and red bone marrow ?

A
  • red bone marrow has a rich blood supply , whereas yellow bone marrow has a poor blood supply due to the lack of vessels.
  • red bone marrow is full of developing red blood cells whereas yellow bone marrow is full off adipocytes.
18
Q

What is the function of red bone marrow ?

A

Haemopoiesis ( production of red blood cells )

19
Q

What is the function of yellow bone marrow ?

A
  • shock absorber and energy source
20
Q

what occurs in yellow bone marrow in someone who is anaemic ?

A
  • yellow bone marrow is converted into red bone marrow to increase the number of red blood cells to compensate for the loss.
21
Q

How many red blood cells does the bone marrow produce a day?

A

500 billion.

22
Q

Where in the body is bone marrow primarily located ?

A
  • bones of the pelvis
  • sternum
  • vertebrae
  • ribs
23
Q

how do red blood cells enter the systemic circulation ?

A

Via permeable vasculature sinusoids within the medulla cavity

24
Q

How long does it tsake red blood cells to mature and what is their route of circulation into the heart ?

A
  • 2 days

- from the venules , to the intermediate vein, larger vein to the vena cava ( it is deoxygenated currently).

25
Q

What is microcirculatiom controlled by ?

A
  • precapillary sphincters
  • contain smooth muscle
  • located between arteriole and capillary
  • when they dilate , blood flows freely through capillary bed
  • when they constrict , blood is not allowed to flow through
  • can be used during temperature regulation
26
Q

Define a vein

A
  • an elastic blood vessel that transports blood to the the heart
27
Q

Define arteries

A

Elastic blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart

28
Q

What are the three layers that make up veins ?

A

Tunica intima ( inner) - endothelial Cells

Tunica media ( middle ) - elastic fibres and smooth muscle cells

Tunica externa (outer)- elastic fibrous capsule

29
Q

What are two exceptions of veins that do not carry deoxygenated blood ?

A

1) pulmonary veins

2) umbilical veins

30
Q

What is the largest vein the body ?

A

Vena cava ( inferior and superior )

31
Q

What are the four types of veins?

A

1) pulmonary veins ( carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium)
2) systemic veins which carry deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body to the right atrium.
3) superficial veins that are located on the surface of the skin ( eg dorsal surface of the hand) and are not located near an artery
4) deep veins : located between tissues and near a corresponding artery with the same name.

32
Q

What is one difference between regular ventless and high endothelium venules ?

A

Regular venules have an endothelial layer composed of squamous endothelial cells , whereas high endothelial venules have an an endothelium made up of simple cuboidal cells.

33
Q

What are the smallest type of veins ?

A

Venules

34
Q

What is the average size of veins ?

A

1mM-1,5cm

35
Q

What are the three main layers of arteries ?

A
  • tunica intima ( inner layer) : composed of an elastic membrane and smooth endothelium.
  • tunica media ( middle ) : smooth muscle and elastic fibres - this layer is thicker in arteries than in veins.
  • tunica externa ( Adventia) : collagen and elastic fibres
36
Q

Why are arteries adaptations fitted to their functions ?

A
  • need to maintain Hugh blood pressure
  • prevents bursting of blood as blood is flowing at a very high pressure

-

37
Q

Why are capillaries s adaptions fitted to their functions ?

A
  • thin walls which allows diffusion of materials to happen quick
  • fenestrated walls allows exchange of substances
  • no need for strong walls as blood is flowing at a very low pressure
38
Q

Why are veins adaptions good for their functions ?

A
  • valves to prevent back flow of blood
  • wide lumen which offers less resistance to blood flow

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Body Logistics (20 decks)

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