Glands (2) Exocrine And Specialised

Question 1

What are the three types of salivary glands ?

Answer 1

1) parotid gland
2) submandibular gland
3) sublingual gland

Question 2

Describe features of the parotid gland ?

Answer 2

• exocrine gland l
• almost totally serous , very few mucus acini
• have myoepithelium cells in their compound ducts.
• their striated ducts have simple columnar epithelium.

Question 3

What is Parotitis

Answer 3

• this is when others is inflammation of one parotid gland which causes very serious pain.

Question 4

Outline features of the submandibular gland ?

Answer 4

• Mainly serous acini , but have more mucus acini than parotid glands.
• they have two parts
• striated ducts
• they are compound glands.

Question 5

Outline one feature of the sublingual gland

Answer 5

• • almost totally mucus

Question 6

what stain is required To identify goblet cells?

Answer 6

alcian blue stainwhich stains mucins.

Question 7

What are unicellular glands and give an example ?

Answer 7

Simplest form of exocrine glands

• an example would be goblet cells

Question 8

Where are two places in the GI tract are goblet cells found?

Answer 8

1) colon

2) jejunum which is the middle segment of the small intestine

Question 9

What controls salivary production ?

Answer 9

The neuronal system for example the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic system.

• PSNS : responsible for serous production , produces large volumes of watery saliva rich in enzymes
• SNS : produces small thick secretion of mucus

Question 10

what is the largest exocrine gland in the body ?

Answer 10

Liver

Question 11

Where does the livers blood supply come from ?

Answer 11

1) hepatic portal vein
- deoxygenated blood that comes from the intestine and stomach that is rich in nutrients. The capillary bed is smaller as it is does not have sinusoids.

2) hepatic artery: oxygenated blood.

Question 12

What is the proportion of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood that enters the liver ?

Answer 12

Deoxygenated : 70-75%

• oxygenated blood (20-25%)

Question 13

Wha are the three different types of capillary vessels ?

Answer 13

1) continuous
2) fenestrated
3) sinusoid

Question 14

What are features of continuous capillary vessels

Answer 14

Basement membrane is in tact , endothelial layer is in tact

• found in the brain and most of the body

Question 15

Describe features of the fenestrated capillary vessels

Answer 15

• found in the small intestine and pituitary gland

- has fenestrations in the endothelium.

Question 16

Describe features of sinusoids

Answer 16

They have an incomplete basement membrane and endothelial layer so that whole cells can enter

• they are found in the liver , spleen and bone marrow

Question 17

What percentage of hepatocytes make up the liver ?

Answer 17

85%

Question 18

What are features of hepatocytes?

Answer 18

• binucleated
• short lifespan (5 months ) , but regenerate quickly
• highly metabolically active

-

Question 19

What are functions of the hepatocytes?

Answer 19

• protein synthesis
• carbohydrate metabolism
• detoxification
• formation and secretion of bile
• fat metabolism

Question 20

What are functions of kupffer cells ?

Answer 20

1) remove any bacteria
2) destroy 120 old red blood cells and that are missed by the spleen. The globin in HB is re used and the haem is broken further into Fe2+ where it is eventually secreted into bile.

Question 21

What are functions of stellate( ito) cells ?

Answer 21

• described as quiescent which means they are only activated when liver is damaged.
• they store vitamin A.

Question 22

What occurs to stellate cells when the liver is damaged ?

Answer 22

• they turn into their activated state , this is where vitamin A decreases and secretion of collagen scar tissue contributes to cirrhosis.

Question 23

What is one difference between the pancreas and the liver ?

Answer 23

In the liver , only one cell executed both endocrine and exocrine functions - this being the hepatocytes.

Question 24

What makes the liver an exocrine gland?

Answer 24

• secretes bile into the bile duct , to the gall bladder.

Question 25

What is 2 roles of bile ?

Answer 25

1) emulsifies fats

2) assists vitamin K absorption into the small intestine

Question 26

What makes the liver the largest endocrine gland in the body ?

Answer 26

• main secretion is albumin.
• And IGF-1 ( insulin like growth factor)
• IGF1 plays an important role in childhood growth and has anabolic effects in adults

Question 27

Where is the location and function of myoepithelial cells ?

Answer 27

• often found in the terminal acinius of compound glands
• contain actin and myosin that contract and squeeze the contents of a mucous cell.
• found in parotid glands , breasts , alveoli , pancreas , liver

Question 28

What does the liver store ?

Answer 28

1) vitim8n A in stellate cells
2) glycogen stores
3) copper
4) vitamins k, D, B12
5) iron

Question 29

What does the liver produce ?

Answer 29

1) major plasma proteins such as albumin
2) enzymes such as Catalase and coagulation factors
3) lipid Carrier proteins ( goes to other parts of the body to take cholesterol back to liver)
4) amino acids

5) haemopoiesis in the fetus ( production of red blood cells and
platelets ) from week 5 to 32.

6 bile

Question 30

What does the liver destroy?

Answer 30

1) drugs
2) hormones

3 red blood cells

4) haemoglobin
5) poisons and toxins

Question 31

What are examples of hormones that the liver modifies for excretion or function?

Answer 31

1) progesterone
2) oestrogen
3) thyroxine to T3
4) vitamin D3 to calcitriol