Endocrine tissue Flashcards
Where is the parathyroid gland located ?
Dorsal surface of the thyroid gland
Where is the pancreas located ?
Left of and behind the stomach
Name a few roles of the hypothalamus
- thermoregulation
- osmoregulation
- blood pressure and heart rate
- circadian rhythms l
- emotional behaviour and sexual
Where is prolactin released from and what is its role ?
- from the anterior pituitary gland
- receptors on mammary glands which is reponsible for lactation.
What is the role of follicle stimulating hormone and LH?
In females , it binds to receptors on the ovaries which is responsible for the production of oestrogen , progesterone and inhibin.
In males it binds to receptors in testes and releases testosterone and inhibin.
What is the role of MSH?
Binds to melanocytes which stimulates the release of melanin.
What is the role of growth hormone and where is secreted from?
- anterior pituitary gland.
- binds to receptors in the liver which stimulates the release of somatomedins.
Where is oxytocin released from and what is its role ?
Posterior pituitary gland
Binds to smooth muscle receptors in uterus at end of gestation period which causes uterine smooth muscles to contract which causes women to go into labour and mammary glands during lactation period .
In males , binds to smooth muscle on prostrate glands and ductus deferens.
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Anterior to the trachea
What epithelium do thyroid gland follicles have ?
Simple cuboidal
What is the role of the parathyroid hormone in regulating calcium concentrations ?
- when it detects that calcium concentrations are low in the plasma , it releases parathormone which initiates bones to release calcium into the blood and absorb more calcium from the GI tract.
What cells in the parathyroid gland secrete the parathormone ?
- principle cells which have a dark , spherical central nuclei.
What distinguishes parathyroid gland microscopic image and thyroid gland image ?
Parathyroid gland has adipose tissue present.
What cell in the parathyroid gland does not have a known function yet and what colour does it appear on micropscpic slides ?
- oxyphil cells
And they appear lighter than chief/principle cells
- they develop after puberty.
Wha embryological germ origin does the adrenal cortex have ?
Mesodermal origin
What does adrenal cortex secrete ?
- corticosteroids which is an umbrella term for mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoids.
What is an example of mineralocorticoids ?
Aldosterone
What is an example of glucocorticoid?
Cortisol
What embryoloigcal germ origin does the adrenal medulla have ?
Ectodermal origin
What is secreted from the adrenal medulla ?
Catecholsmine hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline
What are the three layers that make up the adrenal cortex?
1) outer layer is called : zona glomerolusa which secretes aldosterone
2) middle layer : zona fasciculata which secretes cortisol
3 inner layer : zona reticularis ( androgen precursors )
What type of cells is the adrenal medulla made out f ?
Chromaffin cells
Why do pancreatic acini appear purple ?
- because they have so rough endoplasmic recticilum.
What is an example of hyperthyroid?
Graves’ disease
What is an example of hypothyroidism?
Hashimotos
Outline briefly whether TSH , t4, t3 concentrations are high or low in hyperthyroidism?
T4 & T3 and high
But TSH is low due to negative feedback loop on the TRH production.
What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism ?
- goitre
- red, swollen skin
- bulging eyes
Is Graves’ disease an autoimmune disease ?
Yes , the antibody produced against the thyroid gland is called thyroid stimulating antibody/immunoglobin.
What are 4exocrine functions of the pancreas ?
— secretes AmYlase
- trypsin
- elastase
- gelatinise
What are 3 endocrine functions of the pancreas ?
1) insulin ( beta cell)
2) glucagon ( alpha cell)
3) somatostatin ( delta cell) inhibits insulin and glucagon production.
What is the role of mineralocortioid aldosterone during chronic phases of stress ?
Increases uptake of Na+ and water by the kidneys
- increased blood pressure and blood volume
What is the role of the glucocorticoid cortisol ?
- proteins and fats Andre converted to glucose for the brain to respond appropriately
- suppression of the immune response
