Lecture 13 Personality in Sport & Exercise Flashcards
Personality
overall organization of psychological characteristics - thinking, feeling, behaving - that differentiates us from others and leads us to act consistently across time and situations
- a set of traits that make individuals unique
4 types of personality development
psychodynamic
humanistic
cognitive behavioural
interactionism
psychodynamic
- all behaviour is interconnected and driven by unconscious forces
- Freud’s personality structure
a) ID: pleasure principle
b) ego: reality principle
c) superego: should/should not principle
humanistic
- based on development of personal responsibility, human growth, personal striving & individual dignity ( experiences, beliefs, values, perceptions)
- self actualization
psychodynamic theory
- all behaviour is interconnected and driven by unconscious forces
- Freud’s personality structure
a) ID: pleasure principle
b) ego: reality principle
c) superego: should/should not principle
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
bottom--> top physiological needs safety needs social needs esteem needs self-actualization
self actualization
reaching ones potential
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
bottom--> top physiological needs safety needs social needs esteem needs self-actualization
4 theories of personality development
psychodynamic
humanistic
cognitive behavioural
interactionism
psychodynamic theory
- all behaviour is interconnected and driven by unconscious forces
- Freud’s personality structure
a) ID: pleasure principle
b) ego: reality principle
c) superego: should/should not principle
humanistic theory
- based on development of personal responsibility, human growth, personal striving & individual dignity ( experiences, beliefs, values, perceptions)
- self actualization
self actualization
reaching ones potential
the “big five model”
Openness to experience = being curious and open-minded; imaginative and creative
Conscientiousness = being determined, strong-willed, self-disciplined
Extraversion = having an energetic approach to the world; talkative and affectionate
Agreeableness = compliance; positive approach toward others; trusting
Neuroticism = feelings of tension, worry, and nervousness
4 theories of personality development
psychodynamic
humanistic
cognitive behavioural
interactionism
psychodynamic theory
- all behaviour is interconnected and driven by unconscious forces
- Freud’s personality structure
a) ID: pleasure principle
b) ego: reality principle
c) superego: should/should not principle
humanistic theory
- based on development of personal responsibility, human growth, personal striving & individual dignity ( experiences, beliefs, values, perceptions)
- self actualization
self actualization
reaching ones potential
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
bottom--> top physiological needs safety needs social needs esteem needs self-actualization
cognitive - behavioural
- behaviour is learned through experience
- disregards dispositions, drive, instinct
- behaviour is more likely to continue with reward or punishment
Interactionism
Individuals behaviour is a product of both the unique characteristics of the individual and the situation that they are in.
Personality traits
Goals and motivations
Normative/ appropriate situational behaviour
Historical Personality Theory
The balance of our bodily fluids led to personality traits.
- Sanguine: optimistic (blood)
- Melancholic: doleful (black bile)
- Choleric: passionate (yellow bile)
- Phlegmatic: calm (phlegmy)
Sheldon’s constitutional theory
body type theories: body type predisposes individuals toward specific behavioural consistencies
Ectomorph: tall, linear, lean, cerebrotonia personality (tense, introvert, inhibited)
Endomorph: plumpness, roundness, viscerotonia personality (affectionate, sociable, relaxed, cheerful)
Mesomorph: inverted triangle shape, athletic body, somatotonic personality ( adventurous, risk-taking, aggressive, take charge)
Cattell’s Trait personality model
16 different personality trait dichotomies
why is sheldons constitutional theory flawed
peoples body type can change and it doesn’t show personality
the “big five model”
Openness to experience = being curious and open-minded; imaginative and creative
Conscientiousness = being determined, strong-willed, self-disciplined
Extraversion = having an energetic approach to the world; talkative and affectionate
Agreeableness = compliance; positive approach toward others; trusting
Neuroticism = feelings of tension, worry, and nervousness
what is the acronym for the big five model?
OCEAN
Trait Theory
central elements of personality are stable across time and situations (cognitive, behavioural, emotional)
True or False: personality testing is effective for team
false. it is not effective
True or False: there is not an athletic personality
true
Do people higher in extroversion and conscientiousness have higher likelihood to exercise or not?
they have higher likelihood
True or False: some activities are more or less appealing to people with specific personality traits
false. research does not suggest that
3 ways of measuring trait personality
the “big five”
Myers-briggs
Keirsey Temperment Sorter
what do the 16 personality preferences impact?
how we think, act and feel
what are the 4 temperaments (according to Keirsey)
guardian
rational
idealist
artisan
guardian
dependable, reliave, hard working, loyal
rational
pragmatic, skeptical, self-contained, problem solvers
idealist
enthusiastic, romantics, trust their intuition, seek their true selves
artisan
fun loving, optimistic, present focused
3 sport specific measurements
Athletic Motivation inventory
Sport Competition anxiety test
Profile of mood states
Athletic motivation inventory
Designed to measure personality and motivation of athletes in competitive sport
Sport competition anxiety test
Designed to assess competitive trait anxiety
Profile of Mood states
Designed to assess state affect in psychiatric populations
questions we must consider (ethical) while testing personality in sport context
- Why are we testing personality?
- Are we using personality to select or screen athletes?
- What personality measure are we using and why?
- Should athlete specific measures be used?
- Will qualified professionals be administering the test?
what is perfectionism highly correlated with
ego motivation
task achievement motivation
Maladaptive perfectionism correlations
ego orientation
competitive trait anger
negative body attitudes and body image
adaptive perfectionism correlations
low concern over mistakes
mental toughness
inner commitment of control, competitiveness, concentration, confidence, commitment, determination, desire, focus, persistence, optimism, critical for elite sport
