Lecture 12 Agression

Question 1

4 dimensions of aggression

Answer 1

• behaviour (action)
• verbal or physical
• intent to physically or psychologically harm
• directed towards another living organism

Question 2

agressive behaviour

Answer 2

an overt verbal or physical act where the intent is to psychologically or physically injure another person

Question 3

aggressive behaviour is classifies by these 2 ways

Answer 3

pain/injury

tangible reward

Question 4

Hostile (reactive) aggression

Answer 4

reinforcement is seeing pain or injury inflicted
( you are reacting to something that has happened)
- intent to harm
- goal to harm
- anger

Question 5

Instrumental aggression

Answer 5

reinforcement is a tangible reward such as money, victory, praise or getting the puck

• intent to harm (lesser)
• goal to win
• no anger

Question 6

assertive behaviour

Answer 6

heightened physical behavior where there is no intent to harm or injure another person
(NOT AGGRESSION - can be within the rules)
- no intent to harm
- goal to work hard
- no anger

Question 7

Psychodynamic theory

Answer 7

humans are born with instinct for aggression (catharsis when aggression builds up and must be released)
- it is a survival value where sport is a substitute for war
Limitations: agression is maintained, and there is no draining of these tendencies

Question 8

frustration-aggression theory (original)

Answer 8

a blocked goal causes the individual to become frustrated & frustration produces aggression
(frustration -> aggressive drive -> aggressive behaviour)
- aggression is a natural response to frustration
- limitation: NOT always linked

Question 9

REVISED frustration-aggression theory

Answer 9

blocked goal causes emotional reactions (ex. anger) which lead to readiness to behave aggressively; appropriate environmental cues causes this readiness to develop into aggression
- frustrating events increase probability but does not always occur

Question 10

suspension in sports (4 considerations)

Answer 10

violates norms of the sport (fighting in hockey)
viewpoint (doer vs. receiver)
outcome of the act ( did injury occur)
extent of the injury

Question 11

physiological theories

Answer 11

aggressive behaviour occurs because individuals have either a brain pathology or excess testosterone

Question 12

moral disengagement

Answer 12

aggressive behaviour occurs through individuals changing their morality under certain conditions

Question 13

social learning theory

Answer 13

individuals use aggression because they have LEARNED that aggression pays
- most comprehensive and supported

Question 14

in the social learning theory, what two ways is aggression learned through

Answer 14

vicarious/observational learning
social reinforcement (rewarded or NOT punished for behaviour)

Question 15

main focus of Social learning theory

Answer 15

focus on primary socialization agents on how children learn aggressive behaviours - and how this aggression can be generalized to other situations

Question 16

Moral disengagement

Answer 16

extension of social learning to moral behaviour where people attempt to disengage themselves from the behaviour (ex. even though someone believes fighting is acceptable they may still do it for some reason)

Question 17

8 methods of the moral disengagement theory

Answer 17

1) moral justification
2) euphemistic labeling
3) advantageous comparison
4) displacement of responsibility
5) diffusion of responsibility
6) distortion of consequences
7) dehumanization
8) attribution of blame

Question 18

moral justification

Answer 18

there was a reason to do it

Question 19

euphemistic labeling

Answer 19

making something sound not as bad as it actually is

Question 20

advantageous comparison

Answer 20

their behaviour wasn’t as bad as the other person

Question 21

displacement of responsibility

Answer 21

blaming someone else

Question 22

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 22

putting blame on whole team rather than one person

Question 23

distortion of consequences

Answer 23

not that bad

Question 24

dehumanization

Answer 24

calling opponent different names, thinking of them as less of a person

Question 25

attribution of blame

Answer 25

reactive response, blaming person you are hurting

Question 26

pathology

Answer 26

aggressive behaviors can be elicited by stimulating various parts of the brain

Question 27

physiological explanations of aggression

Answer 27

1) brain pathology

2) blood chemistry

Question 28

brain pathology as a supportive mechanism for aggression

Answer 28

aggressive behaviour is characteristic of people with brain tumours

Question 29

blood chemistry as a supportive mechanism for aggression

Answer 29

aggression linked to hormone testosterone (seen more in animals)

Question 30

“roid rage”

Answer 30

positive relationship between steroid use and aggressive behaviour

Question 31

legitimate

Answer 31

to justify or make lawful

Question 32

gender differences in aggression and legitimacy ORIGINALLY

Answer 32

males perceived rule-violoting behaviour as more legitimate (especially at a higher, more competitive level)
females did not sanction aggression

Question 33

gender differences in aggression and legitimacy CURRENTLY

Answer 33

females now sanction aggression and males still do

Question 34

contact sports

Answer 34

aggression is legal and occurs incidentally (ex. soccer)

Question 35

collision sports

Answer 35

aggression is necessary and integral to play (rugby, hockey)

Question 36

non-contact sport

Answer 36

aggression is not allowed (volleyball)

Question 37

true or false: every sport has people with aggression

Answer 37

true

Question 38

revised frustration-aggression theory continuum

Answer 38

angered(frustration

• > heightened arousal (exercise)
• -» cues present (shock box)
• –»>aggressive behaviour

Question 39

increased arousal correlates with higher ___

Answer 39

aggression

Question 40

aggression in spectators

Answer 40

angered subjects become more aggressive

Question 41

which sport has the “craziest” parents

Answer 41

hockey parents

Question 42

3 ways to reduce aggression in sport

Answer 42

1) reduce frustrating aspects of sport
2) reduce retalitory aggression
3) reduce aggression through social learning

Question 43

4 frustrating conditions in sport

Answer 43

1) losing (similar aggression)
2) losing at home (similar aggression)
3) losing late in a contest (increased aggression)
4) losing by a large margin (more aggression as you lose by a larger amount)

Question 44

How athletes learn to be aggressive (5 ways)

Answer 44

1) Direct reinforcement (fighting is good)
2) Success (believe it is necessary for success)
3) Modeling (do what they have seen professional players do)
4) Normative behaviour (other people do it)
5) Roles (designated fighter of a team)

Question 45

on a hockey team there are designated fighters or “goons”, forwards with less or more points have what type of penalties

Answer 45

more points = less penalties

less points = more penalties