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DaD > Lecture 13 - Immunopathology > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - Immunopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Immunopathology =

A

damage caused to tissues as the result of an immune response

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2
Q

2 types of immunopathology

A

Hypersensitivity, autoimmune

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3
Q

Hypersensitivity disease =

A

disease as a result of excessive immune response to foreign antigens

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4
Q

Autoimmune diseases =

A

disease as a result of the immune system attacking self antigens

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5
Q

How many types of hypersensitivity diseases are there?

A

4

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6
Q

What is type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Immediate hypersensitivity

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7
Q

What happens in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

IgE is produced against a harmless antigen. Then binds to Fc receptor in mast cell surface. Mast cell will release chemical mediators (E.g. Histamine)

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8
Q

What does histamine cause?

A

increased vascular permeability, extravasation of fluid, oedema, dilation of cutaneous blood vessels (causes redness)

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9
Q

Name an example of a type 1 hypersensitivity disease

A

Bee venom allergy:

  • IgE against phospholipase A
  • Local: swelling and redness
  • Systemic: anaphylaxis (fall in bp, urticaria and wheezing)
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10
Q

What is type 2 hypersensitivity disease?

A

Cytotoxic (antibody mediated)

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11
Q

What happens in a type 2 hypersensitivity disease?

A

IgG or IgM produced against cell surface antigens:

  1. Complement and phagocytic mechanisms
  2. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
  3. IgG against cell surface receptors → disruption of normal receptor function
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12
Q

Name an example of type 2 hypersensitivity

A

ABO blood group incompatibility (IgM)

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13
Q

What is type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

Immune complex reactions

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14
Q

What happens in a type 3 hypersensitivity disease?

A

Involves soluble antigens that bind antibodies to form an immune complex -> deposition of antigen -> fixation of complement -> leukocyte activation

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15
Q

Name a type 3 hypersensitivity disease

A

Arthus reaction

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16
Q

What is type 4 hypersensitivity?

A

Delayed type hypersensitivity

17
Q

What happens in type 4 hypersensitivity?

A

CD4 and CD8 T cells react to an antigen -> tissue damage due to macrophages, eosinophils or direct cytotoxins

18
Q

Name an example of a type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

A

The Mantoux test

19
Q

Why do autoimmune diseases develop?

A

Due to random rearrangements of antigen receptor gene segments in T and B cells, which can then become autoreactive

20
Q

What are the 2 types of autoimmune thyroid disease?

A

Hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism

21
Q

What happens in hypothyroidism?

A

Auto-antibodies against thyroid peroxidase cause the death of thyroid cells. Cytotoxic T Cells also contribute to the destruction of the thyroid gland.

22
Q

What happens in hyperthyroidism?

A

Auto-antibodies against the receptor for thyroid stimulating hormone -> Antibodies bind to the TSH receptor → over-production of thyroid hormones

23
Q

Name more autoimmune diseases

A

MS, T1 Diabetes, Lupus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Celiac disease

24
Q

Why is celiac disease not a classic autoimmune disease?

A

The gluten have to be present to provoke the immune response

25
Q

What happens in MS?

A

T cells migrate in to the central nervous system where they orchestrate and cause destruction of the myelin sheaths -> loss of nerve function/death of nerves

26
Q

What happens in T1 Diabetes?

A

Cytotoxic T cells destroy the beta cells of the pancreas -> no insulin production

27
Q

What happens in systemic lupus erythematosus?

A

Development of antibodies to many self antigens incl DNA -> chronic inflammatory disease.
Immune complex deposition in kidneys

28
Q

What happens in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Infiltration of the synovium by B cells -> production of auto-antibodies, CD4 T cells, macrophages, neutrophils -> cartilage damage -> bone erosion

29
Q

What happens in celiac disease?

A

Immune response against gluten. T cells, B cells and macrophages infiltrate -> loss of villi -> normal absorption and digestion impaired

DaD (17 decks)

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