Lecture 12 (Ocular Toxicology) Flashcards

1
Q

structure of retina

A

consists of macula and fovea

cell types w/in retina:
- photoreceptors
- horizontal, bipolar, amacrine cells
- inner synaptic layer
- ganglion cells

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2
Q

optic nerve made of…

A

retinal ganglion cells

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3
Q

parts of the brain reached by retinal ganglion cells

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

medial temporal lobe

lateral geniculate nucleus

stratum cellulare

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4
Q

why is retina part of the brain?

A

because developmental origin is in the forebrain

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5
Q

what are photoreceptors and what do they do

A

rods – night

cones – daytime, color

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6
Q

diseases affecting photoreceptors

A

retina pigmentosa

macular degeneration

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7
Q

symptoms of retina pigmentosa

A

loss of night vision
loss of side (peripheral) vision

sensitivity to bright light
loss of color vision

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8
Q

retinal ganglion cell (optic nerve) diseases

A

glaucoma
retina neuropathy
optic neuritis

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9
Q

what is retina neuropathy?

A

loss of nerve cells in retina

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10
Q

toxicants that affect photoreceptors

A

methyl mercury

lead

toluene

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11
Q

toxicants that affect bipolar cells

A

prenatal lead

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12
Q

toxicants that affect retinal ganglion cells

A

lead

pesticides

cyandie

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13
Q

toxicants that affect amacrine cells

A

prenatal lead

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14
Q

what epidemic happened in Cuba?

A

optic and peripheral neuropathy

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15
Q

what were the symptoms of optic and peripheral neuropathy epidemic?

A

blurry vision

loss of color vision

scotoma (blind spot)

blindness

peripheral neuropathy (damage to nerves outside brain and spinal cord)

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16
Q

neuropathy symptoms in men vs. women in cuba

A

optic neuropathy:
- men had much higher than women

peripheral neuropathy:
- women had slightly higher than men

17
Q

likely cause of optic neuropathy epidemic in cuba

A

diet –> Vitamin-B deficiency

cyanide poisoning

increased physical activity –> drained B-vitamins

Vitamin B counteracts cyanide from disrupting cytochrome oxidase in Complex IV

if cyanide disrupts Compelx IV –> no nutrient and oxygen supply –> nerve tissue is damaged and lost –> vision loss

18
Q

how does moonshine cause blindness?

A

corn fermentation –> methanol

methanol –> formic acid –> disrupts cytochrome oxidase in Complex IV –> oxygen and nutrient lost –> nerve tissue is damaged and lost –> vision loss

19
Q

how does formic acid affect vision?

A

formic acid accumulates in the vitreous and disrupts retinal ganglion cells

20
Q

which cell types are most susceptible to dysfunction and cell death?

A

retinal ganglion cells

photoreceptors

21
Q

inadequate nutrition…

A

leaves humans vulnerable to toxic exposures

22
Q

what do many toxicants target?

A

target the mitochondria to disrupt neuronal function and survival

23
Q

how does retinoblastoma occur?

A

targets horizontal cells

over-proliferation of horizontal cells

24
Q

diseases affecting photoreceptors

A

retina pigmentosa

macular degeneration

25
diseases affecting bipolar cells
stationary night blindness
26
diseases affecting retinal ganglion cells
glaucoma retina neuropathy optic neuritis
27
diseases affecting horizontal cells
retinoblastoma
28
diseases affecting amacrine cells
nystagmus glaucoma
29
what is glaucoma?
optic nerve injury
30
what part of the eye gets affected by lead?
lens
31