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Lecture 116 Flashcards

1
Q

Epiphyseal plates remain open until roughly age ____

A

20

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2
Q

Growth plates appear as ____, seperating the epiphysis from the metaphysis

A

dark lines

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3
Q

Pediatric periosteum is ____, compared to adult periosteum

A

Thicker and stronger

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4
Q

What additional views are often needed for pediatric skeletal x-rays?

A

Contralateral (opposite side) views

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5
Q

In pediatric settings, a frature should be described by:

A
  1. Which bone and which side
  2. Where in the bone
  3. Fracture type or pattern
  4. Position of fracture fragments
  5. Whether open or closed
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6
Q

Fracture that is incomplete due to compression

A

Torus (buckle) fracture

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7
Q

Healing time for a torus fracture

A

2-4 weeks in a splint

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8
Q

Where in the bone are torus fractures typically seen?

A

Metaphyseal region

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9
Q

Incomplete fracture type where one cortex is intact while the other is fractured

A

Greenstick fracture

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10
Q

Healing time for a greenstick fracture

A

8 weeks in a cast

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11
Q

Physeal fractures are also called:

A

Salter-Harris fractures

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12
Q

Type I Salter fracture

A

Through the zone of hypertrophy in the physis

“straight across” the growth plate

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13
Q

Type II Salter fracture

A

Through metaphysis and physis

“above” the growth plate

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14
Q

Type III Salter fracture

A

Throught the epiphysis and physis

“Lower” the growth plate

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15
Q

Type IV Salter fracture

A

Through the metaphysis, physis, and epiphysis

“Through” the growth plate

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16
Q

Type V Salter fracture

A

Crush injury to the physis

“ERasure” of the growth plate

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17
Q

What is the most common Salter-Harris fracture?

A

Type II

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18
Q

Which Salter-Harris fracture has a high risk of growth arrest?

A

Type V

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19
Q

What type of rib fractures are a warning sign of abuse?

A

Posterior rib fractures

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20
Q

Shaken Baby Syndrome is characterized by what occular finding?

A

Retinal hemorrhages

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21
Q

Mechanical instability of the hip due to malalignment of the femoral head in the acetablulum

A

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)

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22
Q

DDH is more common in ____

A

Females, firstborns, and breech presentation

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23
Q

What DDH test attempts to dislocate an unstable hip by adducting the hip with posterior pressure?

A

Barlow test

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24
Q

What DDH test attempts to reduce a dislocated hip by abducting and gently lifting the femoral head anteriorly?

A

Ortolani test

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25
What DDH test checks for discrepancy in knee heights when hips and knees are flexed?
Galeazzi test
26
What is the treatment for DDH in newborns to 6 months of age?
Pavlik harness
27
A pavlik harness holds the hips in what position?
Flexed and abducted
28
What treatment for DDH is used if the child is order than 6 months or if thr Pavlik harness fails?
Spica casting
29
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (LCP)
Idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head
30
LCP typically occurs in children ages ____
4-10 years old
31
Insidious onset of limp, reduced range of motion, and Trendelenburg gait are clinical presentations of what pediatric lower extremity disorder?
Legg-Clave-Perthes disease (LCP)
32
A petrie cast is used to treat:
LCP
33
A Salter-Harris type I fracture through the growth plate of the proximal femur is known as:
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)
34
SCFE is typically seen in what demographic of children?
Obese, pubertal children
35
Hip/knee pain, limp, externally rotated leg, decreased internal rotation and flexion of the hip are signs of:
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)
36
What X-ray views should be used to diagnose SCFE?
AP and frog-leg lateral X-rays
37
Klein's line disruption, Trethowan's sign, and/or slip angle are all x-ray findings indicative of:
SCFE
38
Definitive treatment for SCFE
Surgery; interal fixation with cannulated screws to prevent further slippage
39
Osteochondritis of the tibial tubercle, known as:
Osgood-Schlatter disease
40
Osgood-Schlatter disease is typically due to:
Repeated stress; sports involving running/jumping
41
Anterior knee pain worsened by activity and tenderness/swelling at tibial tubercle are indicative of:
Osgood-Schlatter disease
42
Osgood-Schlatter disease is often associated with:
Growth spurts and high activity levels
43
Treatments for Osgood-Schlatter disease include:
Rest, NSAIDs, ice, activity modification, and patellar tendon strap
44
Talipes equinovarus is also known as:
Clubfoot
45
Malalignment of the calcaneo-talar-navicular complex is a feature of:
Talipes equinovarus (clubfoot)
46
Ponseti serial casting is used to treat:
Talipes equinovarus (clubfoot)
47
Inward angulation of the forefoot, often due to intrauterine positioning
Metatarsus adductus
48
If a line drawn through the center of the heel crosses lateral to the big toe, suspect:
Metatarsus adductus
49
Treatment of metatarsus adductus
At home stretching exercises, often spontaneous resolution
50
Bone infection, AKA
Osteomyelitis
51
Joint infections, AKA
Septic arthritis
52
Osteomyelitis is children commonly affects:
metaphyses of long bones
53
Most common route of infection in osteomyelitis in children
Acute hematogenous spread
54
Most common organism involved in pediatric osteomyelitis
Staph aureus
55
Common lab results of pediatric osteomyelitis
Elevated inflammatory markers, positive blood cultures
56
What is the best imaging modality to diagnose osteomyelitis?
MRI/bone scan
57
What is the initial treatment for osteomyelitis?
2-3 weeks of IV antibiotics
58
What three joints are most prone to septic arthritis?
Knee, hip, ankle
59
Most common cause of septic arthritis?
Hematogenous spread
60
What is the most definitive way to diagnose septic arthritis?
Joint aspiration
61
How is septic arthritis treated?
Irrigation and drainage, IV antibiotics
62
Transient synovitis of the hip often follows ____
Viral or GI infection
63
Compared to septic arthritis, transient synovitis of the hip presents with:
No fever, no systemic illness
64
How is transient synovitis of the hip treated?
Conservative management (rest, NSAIDs, observation)
65
Rickets is classified as:
Impaired mineralization of growing bones
66
Rickets is often caused by prolonged deficiency of ____
Vitamin D
67
Fraying, cupping, and widening of growth plates are common radiographic findings of what condition?
Rickets
68
Bowed legs and rachitis rosary are clinical findings consistent with:
Rickets
69
Beading at costochondral junctions, AKA
Rachitic rosary
70
How is rickets treated?
Correct underlying deficiency

Block 3 (37 decks)

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