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Geography 103 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three rock types?

A

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

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2
Q

What is igneous rock?

A

Rocks formed by solidification of molten magma. These can be found on the earths surface or under the surface

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3
Q

What are the two types of igneous rock?

A

Intrusive igneous rock: Rock inside or under the earths surface

Extrinsic igneous rock: rock formed on the outside of the earths surface

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4
Q

What is denudation?

A

Wearing down of a landmass that can expose an intrusive igneous rock

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5
Q

What is weathering?

A

The breakdown of rock by physical, chemical and biological ways

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6
Q

What do subduction zones do?

A

Bring rock back to the mantle

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7
Q

What are the four measures of geologic time?

A

Eons, eras, period and epochs

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8
Q

What is the order from longest to shortest geologic time measurements

A

Eons > eras > period > epoch

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9
Q

What is uniformitarianism?

A

Landforms on the earths surface are caused by slow geomorphic processes not sudden events

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10
Q

What is catastrophism?

A

Sudden events shaping modern landforms

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11
Q

True or False:

Catastrophism and uniformitarianism are very similar theories

A

False they are opposite

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12
Q

What theory is evolution based on?

A

Uniformitarianism

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13
Q

What is sedimentary rock?

A

Formed by the burial, compression and chemical modification of deposited weathered debris

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14
Q

What is a metamorphic rock?

A

Heat or pressure physically or chemically changing a rock.

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15
Q

What are rocks made up of?

A

Elements

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16
Q

What are the four types of igneous rock? And an example of each. And name one rock that is the exception

A 
Felsic: granite
Mafic: basalt
Intermediate: andesite 
Ultramafic: peridotite 
Exception: obsidian
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17
Q

Give a two examples of sedimentary rocks.

A

Conglomerate and sandstone

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18
Q

What are two examples of metamorphic rock?

A

Slate and shale

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19
Q

What are the three layers of the earth?

A

core, mantle, crust

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20
Q

What two elements make up the earths core?

A

Iron and nickel

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21
Q

What defines the two sections of the earths core?

A

Inner core is solid

Outer core is liquid

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22
Q

What is the origin of all rocks?

A

Magma.

23
Q

What differs the asthenosphere from the rest of the mantle?

A

It is the upper portion of the mantle that is made of more ridges rocks

24
Q

What type of rock is the upper mantle made up off?

A

Ultramafic igneous rock

25
Q

How does the lower mantle move?

A

As a hot plastic

26
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

Includes crust and upper most portion of the mantle and it glides over the rest of the mantle. This is the location where earthquakes volcanoes and continental drift.

27
Q

What are the two types of crust?

A

Oceanic which is thinner and continental which is thicker

28
Q

Define isostacy.

A

The rising and sinking of tectonic plates due to weight distributed on a point. Glaciers have this affect on tectonic plates making them sink, then in a delayed reaction once the ice melts the plates rebound.

29
Q

What are four pieces of evidence supporting continental drift?

A

Fossils, paleoclimatic regions, puzzle piece fit, rock and mountain ranges.

30
Q

What pushed the continents apart?

A

Oceanic ridges.

31
Q

What is older continental crust or oceanic crust?

A

Continental crust, because oceanic crust moves quickly into subduction zones refreshing every 200 million years

32
Q

Define a dyke.

A

Thin vertical veins of igneous rock that cool, lots of minerals

33
Q

What is a sill?

A

Planes of solidified magma

34
Q

Define batholith.

A

Plutonic masses of intrusive rock

35
Q

What is a volcanic pipe?

A

Dyke reaching the surface

36
Q

Name four crustal formation processes.

A

Dyke
Sill
Batholith
Volcanic pipe

37
Q

Define a mountain.

A

An area of land that rises abruptly from the surrounding region. Mountains form in belts from hotspots. Some can be of volcanic origin or can form underwater

38
Q

Name four types of folds.

A

Monocline: slight bend in parallel lines

Anticline: upward fold

Syncline: downward fold

Recumbent: folded centres turned horizontal

39
Q

Name the four types of faults.

A

Normal, reverse, graben, Horst

40
Q

What are the four models of landform development.

A

Structural landforms, weathering landforms, erosional landforms, depositional landforms.

41
Q

What are structural landforms?

A

Created by large quantity hardening of magma or large movements due to plate tectonics

Examples: shield, fold mountains, rift valleys, volcanoes

42
Q

How are weathering landforms created?

A

By physical, chemical and biological weathering

Examples: karst, patterned ground, soil profiles

43
Q

How are erosional landforms created?

A

Formed by the removal of sediment by wind water and glaciers or gravity

Examples: river valleys, glacial valleys, costal cliffs

44
Q

How are depositional landforms created?

A

Formed by deposited sediments, these can be altered by heat, pressure or chemicals

45
Q

What is a polygenic landform?

A

When a landforms falls into multiple categories

46
Q

What initially formed earths atmosphere?

A

Volcanic activity

47
Q

True or False:

The earths core is magnetic.

A

True

48
Q

What has the most volume, the core, the mantle or the crust?

A

Mantle

49
Q

What are the three geological processes?

A

Solidification: igneous

Metamorphic: metamorphic

Lithification: sedimentary

50
Q

Name the six geological provinces.

A 
Shield
Platform
Orogen
Basin
Large igneous province
Extended continental crust
51
Q

What are the three types of plate boundary?

A

Divergent
Convergent
Transform

52
Q

What is a divergent plate boundary?

A

A constructive boundary where the plates move apart

53
Q

What is a convergent plate boundary?

A

Destructive boundary where plates come together

54
Q

What is a transform plate boundary?

A

Plates sliding past one another

Geography 103 (14 decks)

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