Lecture 11

Question 1

Denardis & Raymond 2015
model of governance

Answer 1

 Decentralised non-hierarchical model of governance involving multiple types of stakeholders in rule-making and rule-implementation to address global problems
 Stakeholders = actors with relevant expertise and interests
* States, governments, Formal IGO’s, firms, corporations and civil society actors

Question 2

ICANN

Answer 2

o Internet corporation for assigned names and numbers (ICANN)
 A nonprofit organization based in LA
 Ensures ‘single and interoperable internet supported by stable, secure and resilient unique identifier systems’ (protocol numbers, domain names)
 1998-2016 = worked under contract to US government
 Since 2016 = fully independent, bottom up community based, consensus driven, multistakeholderism

Question 3

ICANN community of communities

Answer 3

• Business, technical, domain name businesses, civil society, internet users, academic, government advisory committee
• Come together in different teams, such as at-large advisory committee, address supporting organization etc

Question 4

Governance process ICANN

Answer 4

• 3 meetings per year
• Community forum = supporting organizations and advisory committees, cross-community interaction, and plenary sessions on topics of community-wide interest
• Policy forum = policy development and regional outreach
• General meeting = global outreach, capacity building and leadership training

Question 5

Contestation of internet governance

Answer 5

o Contestation of internet governance
 Raymond and Sherman 2023
 Liberal vs authoritarian states disagree on internet governance
 US & EU and other support liberal multistakeholder model
 Russia and China are pushing for more state control, less multistakeholderism, an authoritarian multilaterism model

Question 6

Global performance indicators

Answer 6

o Private firms, NGO’s and IGO’s shape global governance by setting standards, assessing performance by states and publicizing results

Question 7

Goals of global performance indicators

Answer 7

 To make credible and neutral information on governance available to all
 To shape behaviour of investors, consumers, voters and governments by simplifying, quantifying and standardizing social phenomena
o But note, GPI’s are very controversial and highly contested
o Relatively new development

Question 8

Ratings by private businesses (GPI)

Answer 8

 Government bonds (rating risk of default) = fitch, moody’s, standard & poor, CTRISKS
 Government’s accounting behaviour (risk of inaccuracy(Rate accounting behaviour, govs sometimes lie)) = int. financial reporting standards, by int. accounting standards board
 Political stability (risk of conflict, loss of investments) = economist intelligence unit, Euromoney country risk, oxford analytica
 Governments want really good ratings for these criteria

Question 9

Ratings by NGO’s (GPI)

Answer 9

 Labour & environment = Fairtrade etc
 Democracy and governance = Freedomhouse global freedom index, economist’s democracy index etc
 Economic freedom and competitiveness = heritage foundation’s economic freedom index etc
 Happiness = sustainable development solutions network’s world happiness report (multivariate, self-reporting via Gallup)

Question 10

Ratings by IGO’s (GPI)

Answer 10

 World bank = doing business index – ranking national business regulations from most to least business friendly (stopped in 2021)
 World bank = business ready – new ranking of countries by conditions enabling private business and investment (coming spring 2024)
 World bank = human capital index – indicators of child health and education
 European banking authority = indicators on national frameworks for loan enforcement
 European bank for reconstruction and development = indicators on national insolvency frameworks

Question 11

Working of GPI’s

Answer 11

 Kelley and Simmons 2020
 How they work
* Define targets and assessment criteria
* Publicize governance outcomes
* Promote competition among states
* Activate transnational pressure by IGO’s and NGO’s
 Why they work
* Improve understanding of implications of policy choices
* Raise fear of material consequences via official sanctions or private disinvestment
* Raise fear of reputational damage via naming and shaming

Question 12

Problem GPI’s

Answer 12

 Davis et al 2012
 No systematic oversight of targets and indicators
* Who sets and scores them?
 Risk of hidden biases
* Why is variable x included and not variable y?
 Risk of hidden lobbying
* What if a state pressures for a good score?
 De-politicization of governance
* Where is the public debate and accountability?

Question 13

Rule enforcement without governments; private enforcement of int. law

Answer 13

o Sharman & Eilstrupp-Sangiovanni 2021
o NGO’s contribute to enforcement of int. law by operating as private intelligence agencies, police and prosecutors
o How; 1. Investigating and gathering evidence 2. Monitoring and catching lawbreakers in the act 3. Lawsuits and political pressure against govs, companies and individuals
o Why?
 Motives; gap between int. legalization (govs develop int rules) and weak int enforcement
 Opportunities; legal changes (NGO’s have standing in some int. and domestic courts) and technological changes (satellite imagery, data leaks, forensic computing)
o Examples
 Amnesty international, climate trace, greenpeace, transparency international, global witness, sea shepherd, conservation society, bellingcat and many more