lecture 10 - experiencing imprisonment (minority populations) Flashcards
what are 2 key minorities
women
people of colour
what % of women are in prison
4%
what % of people of colour are in prison?
28%
who has a distinctive profile
women
how many women in prison are mothers? distinctive pains
2/3
what % of women have had incidents of self-harm
22%
why has there been longstanding call for gendered justice?
distinctive profile of female prisoners means they require a different approach
- equal treatment to men does not mean identical treatment
what pains do people of colour experience in prison
pains of institutional racism
what % of women imprisoned for non-violent offences?
what are they mainly in for instead
69%
low-level but persistent property offending
what % of women are imprisoned for less than 12 months
77%
what % of women are serving more than 4 years
27%
what % of women serving indeterminate sentences
10%
what are womens killings typically?
expressive and relational
who has a higher rate of arson?
women
what % of women are BAME or other ethnic group? how long is their average sentence length
16% are BAME
17 months average sentence length
what % of women are foreign nationals? what are they in for?
10% are foreign nationals
- drug importation
- immigration
- fraud
how are female prisons described to be?
cinderella female estate
how many female prisons
12 closed and open prisons in england
how many female prisons are suitable for restricted status women
4
what is the average distance from home for female prisons
60 miles
how many spaces in HMP send therapeutic community?
24
how many MBUs? for how many mothers and babies?
6 MBUs
60 mothers
70 babies
HMP prison holloway closed when?
2016
how many children a year affected by mothering in prison?
17,000
what % of children are cared for by father?
9%
mothering in prison may lead to what loss
loss of child to state care
unwell women ended up being…
segregated or located on health care unit, often with inadequate specialist support
why do women self- harm?
imported trauma from experiences of abuse
what % of mental health problems for women in the last year?
76%
what % of women experienced domestic violence
60%
whos more likely to self harm
women
what does self harm reflect feelings of?
-self disgust
- powerlessness
- rage
- grief
- depression
what does gregory 2003 call omnipresent and competitive self-harm
mutilation marathon
what is there a continuing focus on for women in prison?
continuing focus on early intervention and more community based solutions
what is there a new emphasis on for women prisons policies and practices?
- whole system approach
- gender specific
- trauma informed policies and practices
examples of new gender specific and trauma informed policies and practices
- prison design and architecture
- therapeutic and practical interventions
what is scotlands step change?
- £75 million superprison scrapped
- new HMP cornton vale has 119 places
- 2 community custody units opened 32 places
what was there an introduction of for women prisoners in wales 2022
intro of residential women centres in wales and england
BAME is not a … group
not a heterogenous group
what are black people overrepresented for?
- robbery
- drugs offences
- fraud
- black on black gang violence
what are pakistani men overrepresented for?
- child sexual grooming
- drug offences
- fraud
who are strongly underepresented in BAME community for imprisonment
chinese and ‘other’ men
what is the fastest growing sub-population in prison and why?
muslims
- concerns about radicalisation to islamist extremism
what is an example of racially motivated murder in prison?
zahid mubarek
what does martin narey 2001 say about institutional racism
quote
- institutionally racist organization
- reflects institutionally racist white society
- there are pockets of blatant and malicious racism within prison service
what did the commission for racial equality 2003 do?
investigate zahid mubareks murder and racism in 3 prisons
- found unlawful racial discrimination particular in PRACTICES RATHER THAN POLICY
what did the keith inquiry 2006 find in prisons?
- casual disregard of explicit and prevalent racism
- institutional religious intolerance
how many recommendations did the keith inquriy recommend?
88
what are 3 key recommendations from the keith inquiry 2006
investigation into zahid death
- abolition of enforced cell sharing
- improved sharing of info about prisoners
- improved assessments of mental health and risk to others
experiences of differential treatment for BAME in prison?
- racial abuse and intimidation
-unfair treatment in initial risk assessments, security re-cats - more likely to receive adjudications for minor offences
- more likely to be unemployed or allocated to worst jobs with lowest wages
how do BAME adapt to pains of racism
- fatalistic acceptance
- collective resistance
- individual rebellion
how are organisational and legal responses addressing internal decision-making for BAME
- limiting staff discretion
- defining racially motivated abuse and assault
- using prisoner councils for grievances
define racially motivated abuse and assault
any incident perceived to be racial by the victim or any other person
how are organisational and legal responses creating a more diverse workforce
- addressing internal decision making
- internal race relations policies
- external legal sources of accountability
