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Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

three parts of the adenohypophysis?

embryonic origin?

A
  1. pars distalis
  2. Pars intermedia
  3. pars tuberalis

developed from ectoderm of the oropharynx or rathke’s pouch

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2
Q

parts of the neurohypophysis?

embryonic origin?

A
  1. Pars nervosa
  2. infundibulum

developed from neuroectoderm of the floor of the diencephalon

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3
Q

Acidophils of the pars distalis?

function?

A
  1. Somatotropes
    they are stimulated by GHRH (growth hormone or somatotropin)
    inhibited by somatostatin
  2. Mammotropes / lactotropes
    secrete prolactin
    stimulate prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
    inhibited by dopamine
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4
Q

Basophils of the pars distalis

function?

A

these secrete hormones that affect other endocrine organs (tropic)

  1. gonadotropes
    FSH
    LH
    stimulated by gonadotropin releasing hormone (GRH)
  2. corticotropes
    secrete ACTH (adrenocorticotropin)
    stimulated by Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
  3. Thyrotropes
    TSH
    stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
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5
Q

Pars intermedia and tuberalis histology

A

remnant of Rathke’s pouch

intermedia - follicle- like structures
associated with Beta-lipotrophic hormone

tuberalis:
forms sheath around infundibulum
small follicles and squamous cells

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6
Q

pars nervosa function?
histology?
types of nuclei?

A

stores hormones produced by hypothalamic nuclei

supraoptic nucleus: ADH (vasopressin)

paraventricular nucleus: oxytocin

carried along the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

histology:
axons are unmyelinated
have herring bodies (contain hormones and are bound to neurophysin)

most nuclei are pituicytes (glial like cell)
secrete glial fibrillary acidic protein
for support

capillaries are fenestrated

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7
Q

acidophilic pituitary adenomas?

A

prolactinoma:
nipple secretion
amenorrhea
dysfunction

somatotropic adenoma (growth hormone):
acromegaly (if adult)
gigantism in children

addition symptoms:
headache
vision issues

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8
Q

basophilic pituitary adenomas

A

corticotropic adenoma:
Cushing disease

Thyrotropic adenoma:
hyperthyroidism

additional symptoms:
headache
vision issues

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9
Q

adrenal gland development

adrenal gland histology?

A

cortex develops from mesoderm

medulla develops from neural crest cells (sympathetic ganglion)

histology:
capsule: DCT
cortex: pale-staining (steroid producing cells)
medulla : central (large blood vessels)

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10
Q

Zones of the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
    aldosterone
    For salt and water balance
    feedback from RAAS
  2. Zona fasciculata
    mainly cortisol (glucocorticoid)
    some androgens
  3. Zona reticularis
    mainly androgens
    some glucocorticoid
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11
Q

histology of adrenal cortex

A
  1. glomerulosa
    loops or arcades of small cells
    1-2 layers
    aldosterone production
  2. Fasciculata
    linear cords of polyhedral cells (1-2 layers)
    fenestrated capillaries
    cells are called spongiocytes (lipid droplets)
    stimulated by ACTH
    secrete cortisol
3. Reticularis 
irregular cords of small cells 
may have brown pigment 
regulated by ACTH
androgen and some cortisol
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12
Q

abnormal aldosterone production

A

Conn’s Syndrome (primary aldosteronism)

hypertension
potassium deficiency

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13
Q

Cushing’s disease vs Cushing’s syndrome

A

Cushing syndrome:
tumors or hypoplasia (increasing glucocorticoid secretion)

Cushing disease:
pituitary origin
increased ACTH
increased glucocorticoids

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14
Q

Addison’s disease (hypoadrenalism)

A

destruction of the adrenals (most likely autoimmune)

deficiency of all hormones

weakness, weight loss, muscle pain, hypotension, hyperpigmentation

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15
Q

Histology of the adrenal medulla

cell types?

A

Large vein
two cell types: chromaffin and ganglion
cells surrounded by fenestrated capillaries

chromaffin: modified post-ganglionic sympathetic
no axon / no dendrites
brown granulation can be seen
secrete 85% Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
stimulated by preganglionic sympathetic

ganglion cells:
innervate blood vessels of the cortex

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16
Q

Pheochromocytomas

A

excessive amounts of catecholamines due to tumor of the chromaffin cells

most secrete norepinephrine

will see large nuclei and granular cytoplasm
will be positive for chromogranin A

17
Q

pineal gland or epiphysis cerebri

histology?

A

located posterior wall of 3rd ventricle

nerve input from postganglionic sympathetic fibers from superior cervical ganglion

secrete melatonin for sleep

histology:
will see calcium deposit (brain sand)
look for deviation of pineal gland

18
Q

Thyroid gland

A

stimulating hormone is TSH
secrete T3 and T4

have parafollicular cells or clear cells
secrete calcitonin (lowers blood Ca by osteoclast suppression)
19
Q

hyperthyroidism ( toxic goiter or graves disease)

A

Due to excessive amounts of thyroid hormones
can be autoimmune

clinical: 
low TSH
increased metabolic rate 
weight loss, heat intolerance
bulging eyes, eyelid retraction

histology:
decreased colloid
columnar epithelium

20
Q

parathyroid glands

cell types?

A

principal or chief cells:
small and dense
PTH- increase blood Ca
decrease phosphate levels

oxyphil cells:
large and acidophilic
unknown function

21
Q

pancreas
endocrine units?
types of cells?

A

Islets of Langerhans
more towards the tail of the pancreas

Alpha cells: secrete glucagon (increase blood glucose)

beta cells: secrete insulin (decrease blood glucose)

Delta cells: somatostatin

F cells: pancreatic polypeptide

22
Q

Diabetes insipidus VS Diabetes mellitus

A

Diabetes insipidus:
inability to concentrate the urine
polyurea, polydipsia, hypotonic urine, hyponatremia

can be hypothalamic: lack of ADH by tumor or head injury

can be nephrogenic: congenital mutation of aquaporins

Diabetes mellitus:
defective glucose metabolism
elevated blood glucose, glucosuria, polyurea, increased hunger and thirst

can be type I: childhood
loss of type B cells - less insulin secretion
could be autoimmune

Can be type II: adult onset
insulin resistance of target cells

ER (17 decks)

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