ER 16+17 Flashcards
what is the role of the placenta?
maintain the developing fetus
secrete hormones (hCG, progesterone, relaxin, leptin)
release growth factors
exchange between fetus and mother
Decidua basalis?
the syncytiotrophoblast converts endometrium near the site of implantation into this
what are the chorionic villi?
three stages?
late vs early pregnancy
further proliferation of trophoblasts and mesoderm
Primary:
cytotrophoblast penetrates blood filled spaces of the syncytiotrophoblast
finger-like projections in decidua (maternal)
secondary:
primary villi will be invaded by LCT from mesoderm
multiple layers of syncytiotrophoblast
tertiary:
formed by the end of week 3
blood vessels develop in mesoderm
early pregnancy:
continuous cytotrophoblast layer
late pregnancy:
discontinuous cytotrophoblast layer
aggregates
uterine leiomyoma / fibroid
smooth muscle fibers that are arranged in whorls
have well defined margins
can have different types depending on location
polycystic ovaries
cause? result? histology?
this is due to excessive androgens, thus more estrogen
graafian molecules fail to mature, thus an anovulatory cycle begins
results in infertility
histology:
thick tunica albuginea
multiple large fluid filled follicles
how are lipids and proteins secreted from mammary glands?
lipids = apocrine
proteins = merocrine (including AB)
The affect of LH on the ovary, thecal cell ?
LH binds to the receptor
increases cAMP
increases DNA transcription via PKA
increases conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
The affect of FSH on the granulosa cell in the ovary ?
FSH binds to the receptor
increase cAMP
increase DNA transcription via PKA
increase enzymes
follicular phase granulosa cells and theca cells?
granulosa cells cannot synthesize estradiol and depend on the theca cells
granulosa cells in the luteal phase?
they now can synthesize estradiol
now express LH receptors
feedback mechanisms at ovary
estradiol and progesterone and inhibin normally have a negative feedback to the hypothalamus and/ or AP
however, just before ovulation estrogen has a positive feedback on the AP and leads to an LH surge
hypogonadism in females
before puberty: female eunuchism
no secondary sexual characteristics
no development of sexual organs
may be taller; closure of plates are delayed
post-puberty:
regression of reproductive organs
easily damageable vaginal epithelia
menstrual cycle irregularities
what form of estrogen is more common in those that are pregnant compared to one not pregnant?
estriol is more common in pregnant females
