ER 14+15 Flashcards
role of the proper ovarian ligament?
attach the ovary to the uterus
suspensory ligament?
broad ligament?
suspended in the pelvic cavity by this ligament
contains the ovarian vasculature and nerves
attached to the broad ligament by the mesovarium
where in the uterine tube does fertilization take place
the ampulla
uterine position?
alternative positions on fertility?
anteflexed (bent forward) and anteverted (turned forward)
other positions may negatively impact fertility
role of the ligaments of the cervix?
anterior- pubocervical
lateral - transverse cervical
posterior - uterosacral
they support the uterus by acting as a stabilizer
uterine prolapse?
due to loss of support by the ligaments and the levator ani
symptoms: sensation of fullness or pressure discomfort back or pelvic pain urinary or defecation symptoms
Oogenesis
oogonia forms primary oocyte
primary oocyte is in prophase I of meiosis until puberty
after menarche primary oocytes mature every month
just before ovulation meiosis I is complete and secondary oocyte is in metaphase II at ovulation
meiosis is complete at fertilization
follicular phase of ovary
under influence of FSH and LH
development of follicles
FSH = granulosa and theca cells
estrogen is the principle hormone
late follicular phase: increased progesterone LH surge small FSH increase ovulation
primoridal follicle
most numerous and located just deep to the tunica albuginea
oocyte:
primary and in prophase I of meiosis
large nucleus
follicular cells:
single layer of squamous cells
surround oocyte
Early primary follicle
oocyte enlarges
secretes an glycoprotein layer
zona pellucida:
made up of glycoproteins
follicular cells:
become cuboidal
Late primary follicle
Zona pellucida:
becomes well defined
contains processes of granulosa cells and microvilli of oocyte
follicular cells:
multi-layered (stratum granulosum)
receptor for FSH
secrete aromatase and distinct BL
Theca folliculi:
theca interna- close to BM
receptor for LH
produce androgens
theca externa - less defined (SM and CT)
secondary or antral follicle
oocyte:
no further growth
no longer centered
stratum granulosum:
6-12 layers of granulsa cells
appearance of antral spaces that contain liquor folliculi
theca layers are more defined
granulosa cells secrete:
hyaluronan and hormones
oocyte maturation inhibitor
tertiary or mature or graafian follicle
oocyte:
becomes secondary oocyte
stratum granulosum:
single large crescent shaped antrum
have cumulus oophorus, corona radiata
theca layers are thick and defined
role of theca and granulosa cells in the tertiary follicle
theca has LH receptors and stimulates androgen production
granulosa cells have FSH receptors and stimulates aromatase activity (androgens to estrogen)
what occurs 24hr before ovulation?
surge in LH
smaller FSH increase
ovulation?
desensitization of LH receptors
decreased estrogen production
secondary oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells are released from the ovary
failure of fertilization leads to oocyte degeneration
luteal phase of ovary
begins after ovulation
formation of corpus luteum
progesterone is the principle hormone
LH maintains corpus luteum
corpus luteum will degenerate if not fertilized
Corpus hemorrhagicum
after ovulation the follicle wall collapses
the follicle fills with blood from thecal A.
CL of menstration vs CL of pregnancy
what hormones does the Cl release?
Cl of M = declines after 10 days
Cl of P = first weeks of pregnancy and then declines as placenta develops
inhibit LH and FSH to prevent development and ovulation of other follicles
prepares the uterus for implantation
cells of the corpus luteum?
granulosa lutein cells: secrete progesterone, inhibin, and estrogen large cells theca lutein cells: secrete progesterone and androgens small cells
corpus albicans
the corpus luteum degenerates and is replaced by fibrotic tissue or the corpus albicans
cells undergo apoptosis and are removed by macrophages
Atretic follicle
follicle that degenerated by apoptosis
oocyte degenerates
zona pellucida is distorted
cells of the uterine tubes
most cells are ciliated columnar epithelium
number of ciliated cells increases by estrogen
peg cells:
non-ciliated cells between the ciliated cells
these cells are increased by progesterone
secretes nutrients for the ovum
cells of the uterus (endometrium) and layers?
simple columnar epithelium
simple tubular glands
high vascular
two layers:
stratum functionale: changes dramatically during menses
shed if pregnancy does not occur
stratum basale:
retained during menses
stem cells
menstrual cycle
phases
proliferative phase:
under the influence of estrogen
stratum functionale thickens
secretory phase:
glands are under the influence of progesterone
menstrual phase:
glands degenerate
functional layer sheds
decrease in progesterone (10 days after)
