ER 22+23 Flashcards
calories and macros during pregnancy
moderate increase in calories every trimester
additional 500 calories for breastfeeding
increased proteins and healthy fats (DHA)
NO increase in carbs
micronutrients during pregnancy and lactation
iron folate zinc calcium vitamin A iodine
importance of iron for fetus
needed for RBC synthesis and fetal brain development
iron requirement is much higher in 3rd trimester
iron supplement is recommended
not important for lactation
folates and zinc for fetus health
essential for cell division
loss of folates before or during the first trimester lead to neural tube defects and maternal anemia
increase zinc by 50% to prevent NTD, abortion, etc
calcium and fetal health
needed for bone and teeth growth in fetus and infant
high calcium demand
mother has better calcium uptake when pregnant and lactating
vitamin A and fetal health
needed for growth and cell differentiation, vision, and immune system (2nd and 3rd trimester increase)
loss can lead to fetal mortality and maternal night blindness
important for infant; can lead to sight issues if deficiency occurs
iodine and fetal health
illness?
needed for thyroid hormone synthesis for the mother and fetus
increase in iodine by 50% to prevent abortion or birth defects
can lead to congenital hypothyroidism- seen by protruding tongue, growth retardation, and hoarse voice
congenital lactase deficiency
lead to dehydration and diarrhea
bloating
they need lactose-free formula
classic galactosemia
can be determined by galactose in the urine
due to hepatic enzyme deficiency
signs:
brain damage
cataracts
liver and kidney damage
lactose and galactose free formula
importance of DHA and arachidonic acid
brain development and growth and development of vision
maternal diet rich in DHA = more DHA in milk and for baby
