ER 24+25 Flashcards
Type I DM
autoimmune destruction of B cells in the pancreas
marked reduction in insulin secretion
insulin levels are low to absent and low C-peptide
age of onset is adolescence
ketoacidosis is common
use insulin to prevent ketosis
type II DM
risk:
obesity
sedentary lifestyle
aging
target tissues no longer respond to insulin (muscle, liver, adipose)
what can lead to insulin resistance
reduced adiponectin levels: impaired fat metabolism
elevated leptin: impairs actions of insulin
elevated FFA
low glucagon like peptide
pro-inflammatory cytokines
metformin
decrease glucose output from the liver and increase glucose use by muscles
cachexia
is a hypercatabolic state and a chronic inflammatory response which leads to illness-induced loss of body weight in an individual who has access to food and is not trying to loose weight.
cause: cancer, infection
not reversed by calorie supplementation
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
The result of energy deficit due to deficiency of
macronutrients
Marasmus
wasting syndrome a type of PEM
low weight for height wasting of muscle mass depletion of fat stores malnutrition with no edema low calorie intake
Kwashiokor
significant protein deprivation despite adequate energy intake
affects children
pitting edema is seen
thin,dry, peeling skin
dry, dull hair
distended abdomen
Marasmic-Kwashiorkor
severe protein and calorie deprivation
extreme weight loss, wasting
weakness and pitting edema
management of PEM
correct fluid and electrolyte abnormalities first
supply macronutrients by dietary therapy
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder
BMI below 18.5
fear of gaining weight and avoid weight gain
distortion of body shape
can be restrictive or binge-eating
cause of anorexia nervosa
social attitudes toward boy appearance
family influence
genetics
brain chemical disbalance
developmental issues
