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PSY 301 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Three places bacteria is found?

A

Oceans, soils, deep surface sediments

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2
Q

How many bacteria are there on the earth?

A

4-6E30 (more than the number of stars in the sky)

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3
Q

Prochlorococcus Marinus

A
  • Responsible of Carbon and O2 production!
  • Most numerous organism on earth.
  • Found in the ocean
  • Uses photosynthesis
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4
Q

How many bacteria are on/in humans?

A

10 bacteria for every one human cell!

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5
Q

Why is it hard to estimate how many bacteria are on earth and the diversity of the bacteria?

A

Because it is difficult to colonize the bacteria and then it is hard to see what type of bacteria it is when we do colonize it

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6
Q

What is the microbiome?

A

Collection of all the microbial species in a particular location

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7
Q

What do the core genes represent in the DNA of a bacteria?

A

The genes which define the species and relatedness

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8
Q

What do the other genes in the genome of a bacteria represent?

A

Defining properties of a particular strain of bacteria

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9
Q

How does genetic diversity exceed species diversity?

A

Because the “other genes” make each strain within a SPECIES unique. This is how we get different strains of all bacteria (like the different strains of E.Coli we used in lab–differ in their “other genes” same in their “core genes”

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10
Q

What kind of genetic diversity to specialized bacteria have?

A

Very low genetic diversity meaning they have a large number of core genes and few “other genes”

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11
Q

What is a symbiotic relationship?

A

A relationship in which two organisms live together (example is humans and bacteria)

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12
Q

Clostridium difficile infections:

A

An infection caused by prolonged use of antibiotics. It involves diarrhea, abdominal pain, dehydration, and fever. Treated with antibiotics

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13
Q

How does early exposure to germs affect humans?

A

Allows for resistance to germs leading to prevention of infection later in life

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14
Q

What does exposure to house dust (from dogs) do for you?

A

Protects against allergens by reducing cytokine Th2, producing fewer activated T cells against allergens

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15
Q

What is the deal with the obese twin/lean twin microbiome study?

A

Put microbiome of each twin into different mice and saw that the mouse that got the microbiome from the obese twin also became obese!

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16
Q

How can bacteria be used to help against autism?

A

Treating with bacillus fragilis has been shown to decrease anxiety and increase sociability. It works by improving the epithiliat barrier and reducing the leakage of GI metabolites so that serum metabolites can be restored!

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17
Q

What are the TWO main problems with working with bacteria?

A

1) enormous number of bacteria in each sample

2) Enormous diversity (no two samples the same)

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18
Q

What is a pure culture?

A

A culture in which all the bacteria are the same

19
Q

What are the four koch’s postulates associated with identifying infectious organisms?

A

1) Org should always be present in animals with disease
2) Should be grown in pure culture
3) When injected into healthy animal, should cause disease
4) should be reisolated from experimentally infected animal

20
Q

What do we use serial dilution for?

A

To get a small amount of cells/ml so that when plated, you can isolate a pure colony

21
Q

what is a colony?

A

clones of a single cell (all bacteria in colony are identical)

22
Q

How is morphology used?

A

To estimate the diversity in a sample by looking at colony appearance

23
Q

What is the problem with serial dilutions?

A

They take forever and it is hard to get the right number of colonies on a plate (usually too many or too few)

24
Q

What is streaking out used for?

A

To get isolated colonies quickly

25
Q

What is the problem with using colonies as a source of pure cultures?

A

we can’t plate all bacteria and some bacteria don’t form colonies, colonies also spread and overlap eachother

26
Q

Bacillus Subtillis

A

Does not form colonies but instead a spider web effect known as dendritic growth

27
Q

Proteus Mirabillis

A

A bacteria which swarms outward as nutrients become scarce

28
Q

What is the problem with pure culture?

A

1) It leads to domestication

2) Bacteria communicate and interact with friends so isolation makes it difficult to see the true nature of said bactera

29
Q

What is domestication

A

The loss of phenotypes valuable in natural environment because the bacteria is being grown in controlled enviroment

30
Q

What is planktonical growth?

A

Bacteria grown in broth similar to the content of the ocean

31
Q

Periodontal Disease:

A

Infection of gums cause by porphyromonas gingivalis caused by interaction with normal flora

32
Q

What does the normal flora in mouth do?

A

Keeps gums inflammed so that infectious bacteria can not get in

33
Q

P. Gingivalis: how does it work against the normal flora?

A

It alters the inflammatory response of normal flora so it can infect the gums

34
Q

What two components do all bacteria need to grow?

A

1 source of energy

2 source of reduced carbon

35
Q

How is energy derived in all organisms?

A

Through the release of energy via an electron gradient

36
Q

3 sources of electrons for energy?

A

1) Organic compounds (glucose)
2) Inorganic compounds (nitrites)
3) Light activated compounds (chlorophylls)

37
Q

Which 2 ways do organisms get reduced carbon?

A

From inorganic carbon or from reduced carbon

38
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Get carbon from organic

39
Q

Autotrophs

A

From inorganic compounds

40
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

use organic compounds for energy and for carbon source

41
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

energy-light

carbon-CO2

42
Q

What type of bacteria are cyanobacteria?

A

photoautotrophs(obligate aerobes)

43
Q

What are animals?

A

Chemoheterotrophs which use organic compounds for energy and organic compounds for carbon

44
Q

What are plants?

A

Photoautotrophs

PSY 301 (10 decks)

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