Chapter 4 Developing Through the Life Span Flashcards
Zygote
A fertilized egg which attaches to uterin wall (from 0-2 weeks)
Embryo
2-8 weeks Organs begin to form and function. Begins looking “human”
Fetus
9 weeks-birth
Tail goes away, head gets more normal shaped. Organss develop enough to give baby a chance if born prematurly
Teratogens
Agents such as toxins, viruses, and harmful drugs that can damage the embryo or fetus
What effect can drinking alcohol during pregnancy have on offspring?
Increase chance of alcohol dependency and alcohol use disorder
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Small misproportionate head and lifelong brain abnormality associated with drinking during pregnancy causing epigenetic effect
The 7 characteristics of a compentant newborn
Sucking, Rooting, Startle, Stepping, Grasping, Babinski, Yawning, Crying
What is the Competnant Newborn Thoery
The idea that newborns are born with nuearal hardrives and reflexes that allow them to survive such as crying when hungry and rooting for their mothers nipple
Habituation
decrease in response with repeated stimulation
Maturation
The orderly sequence of biological growth
What sets the orderly sequence of biological growth regardless of culture?
Maturation
What portion of the brain is developting most rapidly from ages 3 to 6?
The frontal lobe (associated with rational planning)
What are the last cortical areas to develop in adolescence?
The association areas linking memory thinking and language
What role does the cerebellum play in biological development?
It allows us to walk at age 1 regardless of culture or enviroent
What is Jean Piaget’s Theory
Stage Theory-We got through life and develop in stages (from birth children and active mentally and physically)
Constructivist Approach
construct knowledge in response to experience
Schemas
concept taht organizes and interprets information in mind (makes similar to eachother)
Assimilation
Perceptions of outside world incorporated to existing schemas without chaning them
Accomodation
Schema change to fit evidence with which it is confronted and adapted
Example of Assimilation
Daughter sees bear and say dog
Example of Accomodation
Daughter sees bear and says animal bigger than dog and has shorter legs so makes a bear category in brain
Sensorimotor Stage
0-2
- View world through senses
- Have form of locomotion
- Lack object permeance
Sensorimotor stage (0-6 months)
-lack object permanence-meaning if something is out of sight it literally ceases to exist
At what age to infants begin to gain object permeance?
About 8 months
Preoperational Stage
2-7
- Egocentric
- use Symbols (one object to rep. another)
- Cannot use logic or perform mental tasks
- Pretend play
Egocentrism
Difficulty perceiving things from another point of view
Example: talking right past one another or the brother example from class
Conservatism
A concept preoperational age do not have- the principle that properties of voluem remain the same despite changes in form
Theory of Mind
Each person has own thoughts and people do not know what I am thinking and everyone has same thoughts as me (preconditioonals don’t get this yet)
Concrete Operational Stage
7-11
- Understand conservation
- Understand mathmatical transformations
- Think abstractly
- Concrete features of world
Formal Operational Stage
12- Adult
- Think Abstractly
- Diff realities
- Form hyp
- test ideas
- ask how SHOULD thinks be
Critisisms of Piaget
- Same sequences across cultures
- underestimated childs abilities at certain ages
- development is contin.
Attachment
Monkey exp. showed that attachment to comfortable object is sometimes more important than something providing nourishment
What did Harry and Margaret Marlow do?
The monkey study
At what age does anxiety begin?
8 months
Imprinting
A form of attachment in non human animals related to the critical period in the hours following hatching. They follow around the first moving object they see
Authoritarian
Parents impose rules and expect obedience
Permissive
Parents submit to childrens desires
Auhoritative
Parents are demanding and responsive. set rules but allow open discusiion
insecure attachment
- Very upset when mom leaves
- Doesn’t care when mom comes back
- Avoidant
- Ignores caregiver
Secure Attachment
Caregiver are base from which to explore
- plays with toys but checks to see if mom is there
- upset when mom leaves and comforted when mom comes back
Which is more powerful: punishment or rewards?
Rewards
Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development
Children develop longituidinally, 2 moral levels of development, age related to advances in cognitive skills of moral reasoning
Pre-conventional level
self interest: avoid punishment or gain concrete reward
Conventional Level
Morality of law and social law (gaining social approval)
Post Conventional Level
Belief in basic rights and self defined principles
Ericksons Stages of Psy and Dev
Focus on loving and being loved/ contibuting and developing relationships
0-1
Trust
1-3
Autonomy
3-6
Initiative
6-pub
competence
adolescense
identity
young adulthood
Intamcy
Middle Adulthood
Generativity
Late Adulthood
Integrity
