Lecture 1/2 Flashcards
Define epitope.
Antigenic determinant
Portion of an Ag molecule to which antibody (Ab) bind.
Smallest 3-6 AA or 5-6 sugars
What to do T cell receptors see?
Linear amino acid sequences.
What does innate immunity react to?
Microbes and products of injuries cells
What are the principal components of innate immunity?
Physical and chemical barriers
Phagocytic cells= neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells
Blood proteins= complement system, acute phase proteins, cytokines, chemokines
What are chemokines involved in?
Establishing a [c] gradient upon release from cells acting as a chemical attractant
Chemotaixis for other players in immune response
What are the components of adaptive immunity?
Lymphocytes in epithelial tissue; antibodies secreted at epithelial surfaces
Blood proteins= antibodies and cytokines
Cell= B and T lymphocytes
Define cytokines and explain their role in communication of the immune system.
A large group of small secreted proteins w diverse structures and functions. They regulate and coordinate cells of the innate and adaptive immunity.
Regulate growth and differentiation
Activate effector functions of lymphocytes and phagocytes
What are the functional response of phages?
Recruitment
Recognition
Ingestion
Destruction
Also express/secrete cytokines for more promotion or regulation.
How are neutrophils stimulated?
Cytokine called granulocyte colony-stimulate factor (G-CSF)
Explain the importance of Mast cell location.
Found in close proximity to blood vessels. They regulate vascular permeability and effector-cell recruitment.
What stimulates the mononuclear phagocyte system?
Monoctye/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)
What are the functions of Macrophages?
Homeostatic functions such as clearance cellular debris and iron processing
Surveillance
Respond to infection
Resolution of inflammation
What is the Clonal Selection Hypothesis?
Ag-specific clones of lymphocytes develop before and independent of exposure to AG
What are the phase of adaptive immune response?
Recognition
Lymphocyte Activation
Antigen elimination
Contraction (homeostasis)= recovery from one response to go to another.
Apoptosis
Memory
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
Active immunity is with the person and has memory/learning.
Passive immunity is from the serum antibodies of an immune person and does not convey memory.
What are the classes of Lymphoytes?
B cells
T helper cells
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Regulatory T cells/Supressor T cells
Can noninfectious foreign substances cause and immune response?
Yes
They are still called antigens (Ags)
What does CD stand for?
Cluster of differentiation defined subset of cellular surface receptors that I.D. Cells type and stage of differentiation.
Where do T-cells develop?
Medulla of the Thymus
What are the cytokines involved in T-cell development?
IL1
IL2
IL6
IL7
What other organ is involved with B-cell development?
Fetal liver then to bone marrow.
What are the cytokines involved in B cell development?
IL1
IL6
IL7
Involved contact with stromal cells
How do lymphocytes enter 2nd lymphoid organs?
High Endothelium Venules (HEV)
Specialized endothelium of postcapillary venules
Involve cell adhesion molecules.
Movement through diapedesis
Renter circulation via efferent lymph vessels via thoracic duct
Where do Ag-activated B-cells proliferate?
Germinal centers
What is a plasma cell?
Terminally differentiated B cells which produce large amount of Abs.
What do Ag-activated B-cells primarily produce Abs against in the spleen?
LPS
If spleen removed infection potential is increased via micro with a capsule?
What is the PALS?
Periarteriolar lymphoid health.
What are Plasmacytoid DC’s?
Early cellular responders to viral infection
See Nucleic acids of intracellular viruses and produce soluble type I interferons= IFN alpha/beta
Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDCs)?
For B cells only
