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LECOM embryology > lect 7 & 8-development of heart, vasculature, and lympathics > Flashcards

lect 7 & 8-development of heart, vasculature, and lympathics Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cardiovascular system derived from

A

mesoderm

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2
Q

what occurs on day 16 of cardiovascular system development

A

epiblast cells migrate to lateral splanchnic mesoderm

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3
Q

what does FGF8 from the node upregulate

A

NODAL

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4
Q

why is NODAL restricted to the left side

A

accumulation of 5-HT on left side

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5
Q

why can’t NODAL cross the midline

A

due to SHH and Lefty1

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6
Q

what do nodal proteins upregulate

A

PITX2

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7
Q

what does PITX2 do

A

gene that codes for a transcription factor that specifies left-sidedness

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8
Q

what is transcription factor inappropriately expressed on the right side leads to situs inverses and dextracardia

A

PITX2

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9
Q

what is the most cranial cardiac bulge

A

truncus arteriosus

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10
Q

what is the most caudal cardiac bulge

A

sinus venosus

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11
Q

what day does the heart begin to pump

A

Day 22

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12
Q

where is the first flexure of the bulboventricular loop

A

between the bulbs cordis and primitive ventricle

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13
Q

where does the second flexure of the atrioventricular loop occur

A

between ventricle and primitive atria

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14
Q

how do primitive atria move

A

cranial and caudally

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15
Q

when does atrial partitioning begin

A

day 30

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16
Q

what does the trabeculated bulbs cords become

A

right ventricle

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17
Q

why does dextracardia occur

A

inappropriate heart looping

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18
Q

what does the left horn of the sinus venosus become

A

coronary sinus

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19
Q

what does the right side of the sinus venosus become

A

sinus venarum

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20
Q

what do pulmonary veins develop from

A

left atrium

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21
Q

what is the most important transcription factor for partitioning of the AV canal

A

Retinoid acid

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22
Q

when does persistent AV canal occur

A

when the AV endocardial cushions fail to fuse

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23
Q

what cardiac disorder is common in individuals with down syndrome

A

persistent AV canal

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24
Q

what disorder is characterized by a single large valve (as opposed to the tricuspid and mitral valves), causing blood to shunt from the left ventricle to the right, elevating pulmonary pressure

A

complete AV canal defect

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25
Q

what does the septum primum form from

A

roof of atrium

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26
Q

what forms at the free edge of the septum primum

A

foramen (ostium) primum

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27
Q

where does the foramen ovale form

A

between the upper septum secundum and lower septum primum

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28
Q

how is blood shunted from the right atrium to the left in the embryo

A

via foramen ovale

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29
Q

why does the flow through the foramen ovale stop after birth

A

due to increase in left atrium pressure (caused by increased pulmonary return)

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30
Q

what occurs due to a premature closure of the foramen ovale

A

right side of the heart hypertrophies and left atrophies (usually fatal shortly after birth)

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31
Q

what occurs with membranous ventricular septal defect

A

faulty fusion of membranous septum leaves opening between left and right ventricles. there is initially a left-right shunting of blood, but pulmonary hypertension increases and reverses it to right a right-left shunting (late onset is eisenmenger complex)

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32
Q

what is the middle part of the bulbs cordis

A

conus cordis

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33
Q

what is the distal part of the bulbs cordis

A

truncus arteriosus

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34
Q

what divides the truncus and conus into 2 canals

A

a sheet of neural crest cells that spirals longitudinally

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35
Q

describe persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA)

A

results in one large vessel that receives blood from both the right and left ventricles (usually accompanied by VSD and cyanosis)

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36
Q

what are the factors of the tetralogy of fallot

A

increased outflow in aorta
thickened right ventricle (hypertrophy)
partial obstruction (stenosis) of right ventricular outflow and pulmonary valve)
VSD

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37
Q

how is tetralogy of ballot diagnosed in utero

A

by ultrasound

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38
Q

where is SA node initially located

A

in the sinus venosus wall

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39
Q

when do sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves of the heart system arrive

A

day 30

40
Q

what does the trunks arteriosus give rise to

A

ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

41
Q

what does the bulbus cords give rise to

A

outflow tract (smooth parts) of right and left ventricle

42
Q

what does the primitive atria give rise to

A

trabeculated part of right and left atria

43
Q

what does the primitive ventricle give rise to

A

trabeculated part of right and left ventricle

44
Q

what does the left horn of the sinus venosus give rise to

A

coronary sinus

45
Q

what does the right horn of the sinus venosus give rise to

A

smooth part of right atrium

46
Q

what is the vitelline circuit

A

dorsal aorta to vitelline arteries to yolk sac (vitelline veins return blood from yolk sac)

47
Q

what is the umbilical circuit

A

umbilical arteries carry poorly oxygenated blood from embryo to chorion

48
Q

where does gas exchange occur in the embryo (since lungs are not functional)

A

chorion

49
Q

what are a serious of invaginations lined by ectoderm that form on the ventral (external) surface

A

pharyngeal clefts

50
Q

what are a series of endoderm lined sacs that separate arches dorsally (internally)

A

pharyngeal pouches

51
Q

what adult structures does the 3rd aortic arch give rise to

A

common carotid and 1st part of internal carotid

52
Q

what adult structures does the 4th left aortic arch give rise to

A

arch of aorta

53
Q

what adult structures does the 4th right aortic arch give rise to

A

right subclavian

54
Q

what adult structures does the 6th leftaortic arch give rise to

A

left pulmonary and ductus arteriosus

55
Q

what adult structures does the 6th right aortic arch give rise to

A

right pulmonary

56
Q

what is the channel linking the pulmonary artery with the aorta in the fetus that bypasses the fluid filled lungs

A

dusts arteriosus

57
Q

what does the ductus arteriosus persist as

A

ligamentum arteriosus

58
Q

what failure occurs when patent ductus arteriosus occurs

A

failure of ductus arteriosus to close after birth

59
Q

what are the symptoms of patent ductus arteriosus

A

rapid breathing, rapid pulse, fatiguability

60
Q

how is patent ductus arteriosus diagnosed

A

EKG

61
Q

what is the treatment for patent ductus arteriosus

A

indomethacin (NSAID) or surgery

62
Q

what is the issue with a double aortic arch

A

there is persistence of the right dorsal aorta caudal to the 7th intersegmental artery that forms a ring around the trachea and esophagus

63
Q

what are the symptoms of coarctation of the aorta

A

hypertension in upper extremities, delay between brachial and femoral pulse, hypotension (or absence of pulses) in lower extremities

64
Q

what is the adult derivative of the vitelline arteries

A

celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries

65
Q

what is the adult derivative of the umbilical artery

A

medial umbilical ligaments

66
Q

what shunts oxygenated blood to the heart

A

ductus venosus

67
Q

what does the ductus venosus constrict into after birth

A

ligamentum venosum

68
Q

what vitelline vein persists

A

right

69
Q

which umbilical vein persists

A

left

70
Q

what are the adult derivatives of the vitelline veins

A

IVC, hepatic veins and sinusoids, portal vein, inferior and superior mesenteric veins, splenic vein

71
Q

what is the adult derivative of the left umbilical vein

A

ligamentum teres

72
Q

what is the adult derivative of the anterior cardinal vein

A

SVC, internal jugular veins

73
Q

what is the adult derivative of the posterior cardinal vein

A

IVC, common iliac veins

74
Q

what are the adult derivatives of the sub cardinal vein

A

IVC, renal and gonadal veins

75
Q

what are the adult derivatives of the supra cardinal vein

A

IVC, hemiazygos, azygos

76
Q

what system do the cardinal veins form

A

caval system

77
Q

what system do the vitelline veins form

A

hepatic portal system

78
Q

what is the critical first step in the development of the 4-chambered heart

A

formation and fusion of endocardial cushions

79
Q

what is the foramen ovale derived from

A

septum primum

80
Q

what does the liver develop in

A

septum transversum

81
Q

what connects the umbilical vein with IVC

A

ductus venosus

82
Q

when is the cardiac loop completed

A

day 28

83
Q

what transcription factor plays important role in septation

A

TBX5

84
Q

when does the common cardinal vein obliterate

A

10th week

85
Q

what forms the dividing line between the original trabeculated part of the right atrium and the smooth-walled part

A

crista terminalis

86
Q

what is the opening between the lower rim of the septum priming and the endocardial cushions

A

osmium primum

87
Q

what does the pulmonary vein develop within

A

DMP

88
Q

where does the pacemaker of the heart originally lie

A

in the caudal part of the left cardiac tube

89
Q

what is the superior mesenteric vein derived from

A

right vitelline vein

90
Q

what is the closure of the ductus arteriosus regulated by

A

bradykinin

91
Q

what occurs when the tricuspid valve is displaced towards the apex of the right ventricle, resulting in an expanded right atrium and a small right ventricle

A

epstein anomaly

92
Q

what disease occurs due to a 22q deletion and have facial defects, thymic hypoplasia, parathyroid dysfunction, and cardiac abnormalities involving the outflow tract

A

DiGeorge Syndrome

93
Q

where does type A interrupted aortic arch occur

A

between the left subclavian artery and the descending aorta

94
Q

where does type B interrupted aortic arch occur

A

between the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries

95
Q

where does type C interrupted aortic arch occur

A

between the right and left common carotid arteries

LECOM embryology (11 decks)

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