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PSYC123 > LEC6: sensation & perception (sounds) > Flashcards

LEC6: sensation & perception (sounds) Flashcards

1
Q

what is sound?

A

air moves around and changes air pressure (the waves)

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2
Q

transdunction

A

the process of converting outside stimuli, such as light of air pressure, into neural activity

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3
Q

tympanic membrane

A

the eardrum
- structure that separates outer ear from middle ear (ossicles) and vibrates in response to sound waves.

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4
Q

function of ossicles

A

to transmit and amplify vibrations from eardrum to the inner ear

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5
Q

cochlea

A

coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

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6
Q

basilar membrane

A

structure that runs length of cochlea in inner ear and holds auditory receptors called hair cells.
responds by moving in wave.
diff sections sensitive to diff frq

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7
Q

basilar membrane freq sensitivity

A

base: high frq (narrow, thick and stiff)
apex: low freq (wide,thin and floppy)

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8
Q

oval window

A

membrane at enterance to cochlea thru which ossicles transmit vibrations

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9
Q

where do hair cells sit

A

on top of basilar membrane

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10
Q

what is on hair cells

A

stereocilia

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11
Q

stereocilia

A

hairlike extensions on tips of hair cells in cochlea that initiate opening of ion channels

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12
Q

place code

A

diff frq of sound represented by type brain according to where along basilar membrane stimulated

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13
Q

rate code

A

diff intensities (amplitude) of souonds represented by brain by firing rate of auditory nerve neurons

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14
Q

temporary ringing in ears caused by

A

hair cells being knocked down and kept down
(keeping ion channels open)
producing ring

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15
Q

spiral ganglion cells

A

group of nerve cells that serve sense of hearing by sending representation of sound from cochlea to brain

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16
Q

structures in brain stem that audio travels through first

A
  1. dorsal cochlear nucleus (medulla)
    OR
  2. ventral cochlear nucleus and superior olive
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17
Q

inferior colliculi

A

protrusions on top of midbrain; part of auditory system
reflexes

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18
Q

MGN (medial geniculate nucleus)

A

relay center in thalamus receiving auditory input from inferior colliculus

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19
Q

studying auditory processing w Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)

A

using EEG
finding avg of signal in response to stimuli ABR (auditory brainstem response)

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20
Q

auditory brainstem response (ABR)

A

technique used to record electrical activity in auditory nerve, brainstem and cortical ease of brain.
useful in detecting brainstem diseases
also very helpful in testing hearing of newborn infants

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21
Q

A1

A

primary auditory cortex

22
Q

A2

A

secondary auditory cortex

23
Q

location of A1

A

(core) deep w/in sulcus (sylvia’s fissure)
anterior/apex: low frq (0.5/far left)
posterior/base: high frq (16/far right)
simple tones

24
Q

tonotopic map

A

representation in auditory cortex of diff sound frqs

25
Q

location of A2

A

belt (complex sounds) below sylvian fissure

26
Q

tuning curve

A

graph of responses of single auditory nerve or neuron to sounds that vary in frq and intensity

27
Q

two main cues to help us infer spatial location

A

interaural timing diff (ITD)
interaural intensity diff (IID)

28
Q

interaural time difference (ITD)

A

diff when signal arrives to each ear
not perfect
(pt A in the front)

29
Q

interaural intensity difference (ITD)

A

difference in intensity of signal at each ear
(pt B towards the side w/ acoustic shadow)

30
Q

acoustic shadow

A

an area on other side of head from sound source in which loudness of sound is reduced bc sound waves are partially blocked by head; has much greater effect on high-frq sounds than on low-frq sounds (IID concept)

31
Q

coincidence detectors and delay lines

A

cells in superior olive are stimulated along delay lines from each ear
should hit certain cell at same time to determine where stimulus (sound) came from

32
Q

where are more complex tonal patterns processed

A

post A1 areas (A1 mainly just frq based)
tonal space and music (certain keys) shown to activate diff places in brain thru fMRI (janata et al., 2002)

33
Q

somatosensation

A

skin sensations: touch/pressure. warmth, cold and pain

34
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

detect touch/pressure/vibration of skin

35
Q

nociceptors

A

detect tissue damage/extreme temp/pain

36
Q

thermoreceptors

A

cells that detect ranges of temp

37
Q

proprioceptors

A

cells that detect how much diff muscles in body stretched/relaxed

38
Q

unique quality of nocieption

A

pain sensation
quick reflexes due to complete system w/in spinal cord rather than traveling to brain (no cortex needed)
sensory neuron - interneuron - motor neuron

39
Q

proprioception

A

ability to tell where one’s body is in space. some have simple spiral cord circuits and some go to cortex

40
Q

ascending proprioceptive pathwys

A

up from spinal cord to cortex
sometimes crosses in spinal cord
sometimes crosses in brainstem (medulla)

41
Q

homunculus

A

rendering of body in which each part is shown in proportion to show how much of somatosensory cortex is devoted to it

42
Q

olfactory receptor cells

A

sensors responsible for smell
hang into nasal cavities (thru cribriform plate) and make contact w molecules

43
Q

cribriform plate

A

horizontal plate of ethmoid bone separating cranial cavity from nasal cavity, olfactory receptor cells integrated through

44
Q

is olfactory sensory contralateral

A

no. it’s ipsilateral

45
Q

does olfactory pathway go through thalamuus?

A

no

46
Q

olfactory pathway

A
  • molecules inhaled into nasal passages
  • contact olfactory nerves in olfactory epithelium
  • receptor cells activated
  • signal is sent to olfactory bulb
  • signals relayed to higher regions of brain via olfactory tract (not thalamus - orbitofrontal olfactory cortex, piriform cortex, amygdala)
47
Q

are taste buds neuronal cells

A

no; synapse w sensory neurons

48
Q

is taste contralateral

A

no it’s ipsilateral

49
Q

the insula

A

located deep w/in sylvian fissure

50
Q

where are taste buds located

A

papillae of tongue (w/in bumps)

51
Q

taste pathway

A

taste buds on papillae –> cranial nerves 7,9,10 –> brainstem (medulla) –> taste center in thalamus –> gustatory cortex (anterior insula - frontal operculum)

PSYC123 (15 decks)

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