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PSYC123 > LEC 1 & CH 2: Origins of Cognitive Neuroscience > Flashcards

LEC 1 & CH 2: Origins of Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

what is trephination/trepanation

A
  • modern cranitomy
  • procedure to make a hole in skull
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2
Q

what evidence of bone healing after possible trepanation in history allow us to suggest?

A

ancient humans survived trepanations

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3
Q

what was Hippocrates recommendations for head injury?

A

Trepenation
- drill down but protect meninges could lead to infection)
- procedure should be done within 3 days from trauma

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4
Q

Who was Galen and what was his contribution to medicine?

A
  • Roman physician that expanded on Hippocrates work
  • recommended trepidation for drainage and pressure relief
  • connected head trauma to cognition
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5
Q

Who was Hua Tuo and what did he contribute to cognitive neuroscience?

A
  • Noted head trauma and cognition connection
  • prescribed first anesthesia
  • used trepanation to treat tumor
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6
Q

what is Edwin Smith Papyrus?

A
  • earliest known medical document (possible surgical textbook) from ancient Egypt
  • Pairs Inquiry’s to temporal bone w inability to speak
  • 48 case reports
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7
Q

Who was Fran’s Gall and what was his contribution to cog neuroscience

A
  • study of phrenology: faculties/brain map
  • progressed localization of function
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8
Q

who was Jean Pierre Flourens and his evidence against phrenology?

A
  • lesions in dogs (vaguely cerebellum connected to movement)
  • argued equipotentiality after cortical lesions had little effect on behavior
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9
Q

define equipotentiality

A
  • any part of brain can take over after brain damage (brain elasticity)
  • evidence of mass action
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9
Q

What is the Jacksonian march?

A
  • Hughlings Jackson
  • partial seizure w motor sins that “march” over the area
  • bc it’s a partial seizure that is local, it will usually present unilaterally on a limited part of the body like a leg or hand
  • proof of localization of function
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9
Q

lesion method

A

the removal or disabling of a brain structure to gain better understanding of its functional this method is used only in animals

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10
Q

module

A

portion of processing system dedicated to a single function not performed elsewhere

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11
Q

localization of function

A

specialization of particular brain areas for particular functions

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11
Q

mass action

A

concept that the cortex works as a whole and the more cortex, the better

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12
Q

what is the opposite of mass action?

A

localization of function

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13
Q

opposite of localization of function

A

mass action

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14
Q

evidence of localization of function (2 major studies)

A
  1. Broca’s area (controlling speech)
  2. Wernicke’s aphasia: cannot interpret speech but can speak fluidly
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15
Q

Brenda Milners experiments w seizures

A

excision of temporal lobe for treatment of seizures, difficulty learning long-term memories

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16
Q

double disassociation

A

when damage to one part of the brain causes function A to be absent, while function B is still present, and damage to another area causes function B to be absent while function A is still present (isolation of function)

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17
Q

Hans Berger (1924)

A

detected first EEG signals w 2 electrodes attached scalp of his wife (difference btwn front potential and back potential)

18
Q

EEG

A

electrodes record electrical potential from postsynaptic electrical fields

19
Q

alpha suppression

A

reduction of alpha activity indicates engagement in processing

20
Q

event-related potential (ERP)

A
  • signal averaging to detect dipole location changes
  • recordings of brain activity linked to occurrence of an event
21
Q

gray matter

A

cell bodies

22
Q

white matter

A

axons (most of brain)

23
Q

disconnection syndromes

A

behavioral deficit that occurs when info carried by fibers of passage cannot be transmitted from one brain region to another

24
Q

divided visual field technique

A
  • technique to investigate hemispheric differences in processing
  • info is separately in each visual field for a brief amount of time while an individual maintains fixation
  • under such conditions , info in right visual field projects exclusively to primary visual cortex of left hemisphere and info presented in left visual field projects exclusively to the primary visual cortex of the right hemisphere
  • faster reaction time or higher accuracy in one visual field is taken to index superiority of the contralateral hemisphere for that task
25
Q

sperry study procedure

A
  • corpus’s callosum cut
  • patients could only identify obj in right hand but could be used correctly in left hand (evidence of right brain being nonverbal)
26
Q

wada technique

A

procedure in which a sedative is introduced into the carotid artery supplying blood to one hemisphere,
after which the experimenter observes whether disruptions in speech output occurs; used to determine which hemisphere is responsible for speech output in patients abt to undergo tissue removal to control epileptic seizures

27
Q

direct access theory

A

hemisphere receiving sensory info processes it

28
Q

callosal relay model

A

info received by hemisphere less adept at given task is transferred to the opposite hemisphere

29
Q

activating-orienting model

A

attentional biases contribute to perceptual asymmetries

30
Q

Chimeric Faces and the Split Brain

A
  • when person w split brain views chimeric face of Brad Pitt and Leonardo DiCaprio her left hemisphere is aware only of Leo and her right sees only Pitt
  • when asked whom she sees, she answers, “Leonardo DiCaprio.” bc speech is controlled by the left hemisphere
  • when asked to point to the face she saw w her left hand, she points to Brad Pitt bc her right hemisphere is only aware of the left half of the pic
31
Q

right brain is associated with

A

nonverbal

32
Q

left brain is associated with

A

verbal

33
Q

CAT scan (computerized axial tomography)

A
  • Computerized x-ray that produces high-resolution images of the brain, blood vessels, arteries, and veins
  • brain slices
  • help w lesion mapping
34
Q

PET scan (position emission tomography)

A

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

35
Q

magnetic imaging (MRI)

A

radiographic technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body

36
Q

fMRI (functional MRI)

A
  • A technique for revealing bloodflow and therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans
  • fMRI scans show brain function
37
Q

when did trepanation first occur?

A

neolithic period (10,000-2,000 BCE)

38
Q

what does trepanation potentially tell us abt what ppl in the stone age were talking abt the structure that we now call ‘the brain’?

A

they had some knowledge of neuroanatomy

39
Q

when was the first description of trepanation?

A

Hippocrates book “on injuries of the head”

40
Q

David Ferrier (1843-1928)

A
  • electrical stimulation and lesion
  • found areas that produced movement when stimulated
  • movement was always contralateral
41
Q

Richard Caton (1842-1926)

A
  • found electric current in the brain using galvanometer
  • humble beginnings of EEG
42
Q

Edgar Adrian work after Berger

A
  • attempted to replicate or denunk bergers findings but CONFIRMS electrical potentials changed w changes in behavior (open eyes or closed)
43
Q

Behaviorism and ex

A
  • the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only
  • ex: classical and operant conditioning
44
Q

can everything be understood in terms of stimulus-response mapping (behaviorism)?

A

NO
- think of language
- no reinnfored learning schedules needed and children come up w words (like “i goed to the store”)

45
Q

Behaviorist model vs cognitive model

A

behaviorist: stimulus –> black box (can’t be studied) –> responses/behavior

Cognitive model: input –> mediational process (mental event) –> output /behavior

46
Q

split brain procedure

A

a condition in which the 2 hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mostly those of the corpus callosum) btwn them

PSYC123 (15 decks)

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