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PSYC123 > LEC 2: Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

LEC 2: Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is a sensory neuron?

A
  • brings info to the CNS
  • long dendritic tree and axon
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2
Q

what is a interneuron?

A

associate sensory & motor activity in CNS?

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3
Q

what is a motor neuron?

A

sends signal from brain and spinal cord to muscles

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4
Q

what are the 4 main functions of glia cells/their more general function

A

general: support cells
1. modify chemical environment
2. assist in migration development
3. clean up
4. support blood-brain barrier (connect neuron ot capillary)

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5
Q

Why is the blood brain barrier important?

A

brain is highly vascular and needs filtering (water, oxygen, other soluble things instead of pathogens)

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6
Q

How permeable is the blood brain barrier?

A

Semi-permeable

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7
Q

What covers blood vessels?

A

Endothelial cells

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8
Q

What are astrocytes?

A
  • these are abundant, star-shaped cells that account for nearly half ot he neural tissue
  • these brace neurons and form barrier btwn capillaries and neurons
  • these also help control the chemical environment of the brain
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9
Q

what lacks a blood brain barrier?

A

Circumventricular organs (like posterior pituitary)

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10
Q

rostral

A

toward the nose

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11
Q

caudal

A

toward the tail

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12
Q

dorsal

A
  • toward the back (fin) or superior
  • consider animal anatomy
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13
Q

ventral

A

inferior or anterior depending on structure discussed

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14
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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15
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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16
Q

contralateral

A

on the opposite side of the body

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17
Q

Ipsilateral

A

The same side

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18
Q

unilateral

A

pertaining to one side

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19
Q

bilateral

A

both sides

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20
Q

what are the 2 sides of the brain?

A

neurons and glia cells

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21
Q

what is the estimated amount of neurons in the brain ?

A

86 billion

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22
Q

what are 2 key characteristics of a neuron?

A
  • total dependency on oxygen (die in mins w/o it - hence damage of strokes)
  • highly specialized to transmit electrochemical signals
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23
Q

function of axon

A

send signals

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24
Q

What primary neuron will we be discussing in this class?

A

pyramidal cell

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25
function of dendrites
receive incoming signals from other neurons tiny buds on dendrites which are the location of many synapses
26
what are dendritic spines?
tiny buds on dendrites which are the location of many synapses
27
what is the CNS composed of?
- brain and spinal cord - completely enclosed by bone
28
what is btwn CNS and bone?
Cerebrospinal fluid (also in brain ventricles)
29
function of dorsal cells
receive sensory info in spinal cord
30
function of ventral cells
convey motor commands of spinal cord
31
what does the medulla contain/its function
- cell bodies of 12 cranial nerve - location of where most motor fibers cross (contralateral aspect) - controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate
32
function of pons
- connects rest of brian to cerebellum - superior olive: from ear to ear
33
what are the 2 important structures on dorsal side of midbrain
inferior colliculus and superior colliculus
34
what is the inferior colliculus
relays pt for auditory info as it travels from ear to cortex (midbrain)
35
what is the superior colliculus
receives visual sensory input
36
function of cerebellum
- regulates muscle tone and guides motor activity - balance - internal clock
37
what are the 2 structures of the diencephalon
- thalamus and hypothalamus (2 egg structures for both)
38
function of hypothalamus
- hormonal system - controls earring, drinking, temp - HOMEOSTASIS - lack of blood brain barrier
39
function of thalamus
- sensory relay station - coming into cortex and all motor info leaving - patterns of connections allows info to be reorganized as it travels
40
what are the sub-cortical systems
- hypothalamus - thalamus - basal gangliia - lambic system
41
function of basal ganglia
- group of structures - motor function (damage leads to difficulty of motor control -Parkinson's)
42
function of limbic system
emotion and memory
43
function of hippocampus
learning and memory
44
Define gyrus/gyri
bumps on cortex
44
function of cerebral cortex
- complex perceptual - cognitive - behavioral processes
45
Define sulcus/sulci
valleys or fissure on cerebral cortex
46
function of gyri and sulci
inc surface area pf the brain
47
what are the 3 main fissures?
central sulcus sylvian fissure parietal / occipital
48
what makes up the brain stem
midbrain pons medulla oblongata
49
what are the 3 components of neural transmission
integration --> firing (action potential) --> chemical transmission
50
what creates action potential
movement of ions across membrane of axon
51
describe action potential cycle
- synaptic channels start depolarization to around -55 (threshold), mass depolarization from positive sodium entering cell, at peak sodium channel closes, positive potassium channels open and leaves the cell, which causes hyperpolarization since its extends beyond resting potential (abt -70), during hyperpolarization = refractory period
52
can action potentials be weak or strong
- no they are all or nothing - INSTEAD frequency will inc with strong stimulus
53
presynaptic neuron
neuron that sends the signal
54
postsynaptic neuron
the neuron on the receiving end of the synapse
55
synaptic cleft
narrow gap that separates presynaptic neuron from postsynaptic cell
56
reuptake
neurotransmitter's reabsorption by sending neuron
57
diffusion of neurotransmitters
neurotransmitters simply diffuse out of the synaptic cleft
58
Glial cell degradation
astrocyte glia cell swallow the neurotransmitter and breaks it down
59
enzymatic deactivation
the destruction of a neurotransmitter by an enzyme after its release
60
two important neurotransmitters
Glutamate and GABA
61
GABA function
inhibitory: decrease likelihood of postsynaptic neuron from firing
62
function of oligodendrocytes
produce myelin in CNS
63
function of myelin sheath
to protect neuron, provide insulation, and inc the speed of impulse transmission
64
nodes of ranvier
gaps in myelin sheath
65
cytoarchitecture
arrangement of cells in particular regions of tissue
66
cytoarchitectonic mapping
- created by Brodman in 1800s - mapping of cortex's by cell type and layer structure
67
how many layers of cortex are there
6 layers

PSYC123 (15 decks)

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