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PSYC123 > LEC 2: Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

LEC 2: Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is a sensory neuron?

A
  • brings info to the CNS
  • long dendritic tree and axon
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2
Q

what is a interneuron?

A

associate sensory & motor activity in CNS?

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3
Q

what is a motor neuron?

A

sends signal from brain and spinal cord to muscles

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4
Q

what are the 4 main functions of glia cells/their more general function

A

general: support cells
1. modify chemical environment
2. assist in migration development
3. clean up
4. support blood-brain barrier (connect neuron ot capillary)

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5
Q

Why is the blood brain barrier important?

A

brain is highly vascular and needs filtering (water, oxygen, other soluble things instead of pathogens)

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6
Q

How permeable is the blood brain barrier?

A

Semi-permeable

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7
Q

What covers blood vessels?

A

Endothelial cells

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8
Q

What are astrocytes?

A
  • these are abundant, star-shaped cells that account for nearly half ot he neural tissue
  • these brace neurons and form barrier btwn capillaries and neurons
  • these also help control the chemical environment of the brain
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9
Q

what lacks a blood brain barrier?

A

Circumventricular organs (like posterior pituitary)

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10
Q

rostral

A

toward the nose

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11
Q

caudal

A

toward the tail

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12
Q

dorsal

A
  • toward the back (fin) or superior
  • consider animal anatomy
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13
Q

ventral

A

inferior or anterior depending on structure discussed

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14
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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15
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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16
Q

contralateral

A

on the opposite side of the body

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17
Q

Ipsilateral

A

The same side

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18
Q

unilateral

A

pertaining to one side

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19
Q

bilateral

A

both sides

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20
Q

what are the 2 sides of the brain?

A

neurons and glia cells

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21
Q

what is the estimated amount of neurons in the brain ?

A

86 billion

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22
Q

what are 2 key characteristics of a neuron?

A
  • total dependency on oxygen (die in mins w/o it - hence damage of strokes)
  • highly specialized to transmit electrochemical signals
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23
Q

function of axon

A

send signals

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24
Q

What primary neuron will we be discussing in this class?

A

pyramidal cell

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25
Q

function of dendrites

A

receive incoming signals from other neurons tiny buds on dendrites which are the location of many synapses

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26
Q

what are dendritic spines?

A

tiny buds on dendrites which are the location of many synapses

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27
Q

what is the CNS composed of?

A
  • brain and spinal cord
  • completely enclosed by bone
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28
Q

what is btwn CNS and bone?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (also in brain ventricles)

29
Q

function of dorsal cells

A

receive sensory info in spinal cord

30
Q

function of ventral cells

A

convey motor commands of spinal cord

31
Q

what does the medulla contain/its function

A
  • cell bodies of 12 cranial nerve
  • location of where most motor fibers cross (contralateral aspect)
  • controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate
32
Q

function of pons

A
  • connects rest of brian to cerebellum
  • superior olive: from ear to ear
33
Q

what are the 2 important structures on dorsal side of midbrain

A

inferior colliculus and superior colliculus

34
Q

what is the inferior colliculus

A

relays pt for auditory info as it travels from ear to cortex (midbrain)

35
Q

what is the superior colliculus

A

receives visual sensory input

36
Q

function of cerebellum

A
  • regulates muscle tone and guides motor activity
  • balance
  • internal clock
37
Q

what are the 2 structures of the diencephalon

A
  • thalamus and hypothalamus (2 egg structures for both)
38
Q

function of hypothalamus

A
  • hormonal system
  • controls earring, drinking, temp
  • HOMEOSTASIS
  • lack of blood brain barrier
39
Q

function of thalamus

A
  • sensory relay station
  • coming into cortex and all motor info leaving
  • patterns of connections allows info to be reorganized as it travels
40
Q

what are the sub-cortical systems

A
  • hypothalamus
  • thalamus
  • basal gangliia
  • lambic system
41
Q

function of basal ganglia

A
  • group of structures
  • motor function (damage leads to difficulty of motor control -Parkinson’s)
42
Q

function of limbic system

A

emotion and memory

43
Q

function of hippocampus

A

learning and memory

44
Q

Define gyrus/gyri

A

bumps on cortex

44
Q

function of cerebral cortex

A
  • complex perceptual
  • cognitive
  • behavioral processes
45
Q

Define sulcus/sulci

A

valleys or fissure on cerebral cortex

46
Q

function of gyri and sulci

A

inc surface area pf the brain

47
Q

what are the 3 main fissures?

A

central sulcus
sylvian fissure
parietal / occipital

48
Q

what makes up the brain stem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

49
Q

what are the 3 components of neural transmission

A

integration –> firing (action potential) –> chemical transmission

50
Q

what creates action potential

A

movement of ions across membrane of axon

51
Q

describe action potential cycle

A
  • synaptic channels start depolarization to around -55 (threshold), mass depolarization from positive sodium entering cell, at peak sodium channel closes, positive potassium channels open and leaves the cell, which causes hyperpolarization since its extends beyond resting potential (abt -70), during hyperpolarization = refractory period
52
Q

can action potentials be weak or strong

A
  • no they are all or nothing
  • INSTEAD frequency will inc with strong stimulus
53
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

neuron that sends the signal

54
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

the neuron on the receiving end of the synapse

55
Q

synaptic cleft

A

narrow gap that separates presynaptic neuron from postsynaptic cell

56
Q

reuptake

A

neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by sending neuron

57
Q

diffusion of neurotransmitters

A

neurotransmitters simply diffuse out of the synaptic cleft

58
Q

Glial cell degradation

A

astrocyte glia cell swallow the neurotransmitter and breaks it down

59
Q

enzymatic deactivation

A

the destruction of a neurotransmitter by an enzyme after its release

60
Q

two important neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate and GABA

61
Q

GABA function

A

inhibitory: decrease likelihood of postsynaptic neuron from firing

62
Q

function of oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin in CNS

63
Q

function of myelin sheath

A

to protect neuron, provide insulation, and inc the speed of impulse transmission

64
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in myelin sheath

65
Q

cytoarchitecture

A

arrangement of cells in particular regions of tissue

66
Q

cytoarchitectonic mapping

A
  • created by Brodman in 1800s
  • mapping of cortex’s by cell type and layer structure
67
Q

how many layers of cortex are there

A

6 layers

PSYC123 (15 decks)

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