LEC 17: Clinical Applications & Cognitive Disorders

Question 1

basic science

Answer 1

understanding how a system works
(ex: anterior cingulate cortex, etc)

Question 2

clinical science

Answer 2

targeted research (applied science)

Question 3

what is the relationship btwn clincial science and basic science

Answer 3

they inform each other

Question 4

DSM

Answer 4

• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
• Has changed a lot over the years and is actively changing

Question 5

multi-axial system of DSM

Answer 5

• DSM used to be multi-axial before DSM 5
• axis 1: mental health and substance use disorder
• axis 2 and so on

Question 6

Current DSM

Answer 6

• neurodevelopmental disorders
• schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
• bipolar and related disorders
• depressive disorders
• anxiety disorders
• obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

Question 7

Who is more likely to have depression?

Answer 7

Women (about 2 times more likely)

Question 8

Dysthymia

Answer 8

a milder state of chronic depression lasting at least 2 years

Question 9

what neural system are affected by depression

Answer 9

• memory & attention: more focus on the negative
• executive functioning: error related judgements are affected
• Disrupted DLPFC and ACC : difficulty shifting mental sets and adapting after making an error

Question 10

anhedonia

Answer 10

inability to experience pleasure

Question 11

function of nucleus accumbens

Answer 11

reward center

Question 12

where does deep brain stimulation work for depression?

Answer 12

nucleus accumbens

Question 13

what treatment helps phobias?

Answer 13

exposure therapy helps to reduce activity in the amygdala

Question 14

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 14

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior (or catatonic))

Question 15

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 15

• anhedonia, lack of interest in the world, social withdrawal, cognitive problems (memory, attention, and cognitive control)

Question 16

how are you diagnosed with schizophrenia?

Answer 16

at least 2 symptoms lasting for at least 1 month
(Hallucinations, delusions disorganized speech)

Question 17

What do medications for schizophrenia usually treat?

Answer 17

the positive symptoms, but not the cognitive symptoms

Question 18

what regions of the brain is schizophrenia involved in generally

Answer 18

the frontal lobe (show hypofrontality)

Question 19

What specific regions w/in the frontal lobe ha indiated in schizophrenia

Answer 19

The ACC (which is implicated in error processing and conflict monitoring), might be disrupted after fMRI of stroop effect demonstrated smaller activity

Question 20

language symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 20

derailment and loosening of association (over spreading of semantic activation - hyper priming)

Question 21

schizophrenia and priming

Answer 21

larger indirect priming effects in schizophrenia under automatic conditions ony (right away_
- hyper-priming idea

Question 22

what can improve cognitive control in schizophrenia patients

Answer 22

TDCS stimulation can improve ERN response

Question 23

How many ppl have an addiction

Answer 23

about 5-10%

Question 24

defining feature of abuse

Answer 24

• unable to control drug-seeking behavior even when consequences are severe
• desire for drug outweighs consequences

Question 25

key brain regions in abuse and addiction

Answer 25

• reward pathways
• orbitofrontal cortex

Question 26

what reward pathways appear to be activated in drug abuse?

Answer 26

• from midbrain to nucleus accumbens

Question 27

what can change dendritic spine density?

Answer 27

• exposure to ampletamines
• increase in accumbens (reward seeking behavior)
• decreased in orbitofrontal (control on behavior