LEC 17: Clinical Applications & Cognitive Disorders Flashcards
basic science
understanding how a system works
(ex: anterior cingulate cortex, etc)
clinical science
targeted research (applied science)
what is the relationship btwn clincial science and basic science
they inform each other
DSM
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- Has changed a lot over the years and is actively changing
multi-axial system of DSM
- DSM used to be multi-axial before DSM 5
- axis 1: mental health and substance use disorder
- axis 2 and so on
Current DSM
- neurodevelopmental disorders
- schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
- bipolar and related disorders
- depressive disorders
- anxiety disorders
- obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
Who is more likely to have depression?
Women (about 2 times more likely)
Dysthymia
a milder state of chronic depression lasting at least 2 years
what neural system are affected by depression
- memory & attention: more focus on the negative
- executive functioning: error related judgements are affected
- Disrupted DLPFC and ACC : difficulty shifting mental sets and adapting after making an error
anhedonia
inability to experience pleasure
function of nucleus accumbens
reward center
where does deep brain stimulation work for depression?
nucleus accumbens
what treatment helps phobias?
exposure therapy helps to reduce activity in the amygdala
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior (or catatonic))
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
- anhedonia, lack of interest in the world, social withdrawal, cognitive problems (memory, attention, and cognitive control)
how are you diagnosed with schizophrenia?
at least 2 symptoms lasting for at least 1 month
(Hallucinations, delusions disorganized speech)
What do medications for schizophrenia usually treat?
the positive symptoms, but not the cognitive symptoms
what regions of the brain is schizophrenia involved in generally
the frontal lobe (show hypofrontality)
What specific regions w/in the frontal lobe ha indiated in schizophrenia
The ACC (which is implicated in error processing and conflict monitoring), might be disrupted after fMRI of stroop effect demonstrated smaller activity
language symptoms of schizophrenia
derailment and loosening of association (over spreading of semantic activation - hyper priming)
schizophrenia and priming
larger indirect priming effects in schizophrenia under automatic conditions ony (right away_
- hyper-priming idea
what can improve cognitive control in schizophrenia patients
TDCS stimulation can improve ERN response
How many ppl have an addiction
about 5-10%
defining feature of abuse
- unable to control drug-seeking behavior even when consequences are severe
- desire for drug outweighs consequences
