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lec14/15 Flashcards

1
Q

what does control mean?

A

killing, removing, preventing increase

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2
Q

methods to control enviro microorg?

A

physical, chemical (not specific)

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3
Q

why moist heat better than dry?

A

faster heat penetration, better protein denaturation

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4
Q

eamples of heat?

A

boiling water, pressurized steam (autoclave)

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5
Q

20 min of steam at 121 C kills ___

A

bacteria and spores (boiling doesn’t kil spores)

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6
Q

how can you be sure autoclave is working properly

A

spore strip

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7
Q

mild heat to reduce # of bacteria

A

pasteurization

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8
Q

original pasteurization method?

A

63 degrees for 30 min

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9
Q

today use HTST which is ___ degrees for ___ seconds

A

72; 15

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10
Q

prob of UHT?

A

cooked flavour

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11
Q

what’s great about commercial canning?

A

both org and spores killed, designed kill 10^12 spores

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12
Q

what type of food bacteria protected?

A

high protein, high fat

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13
Q

what type of food bacteria more sensitive?

A

acidic or high salt

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14
Q

these methods create foods that are commercially sterile

A

UHT, commercial canning

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15
Q

how does UV work?

A

cross links bases in DNA to stop replication and cause mutation

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16
Q

prob of radiation?

A

not all org sensitive, damage to our skin/eyes, poor penetration of liquids/plastic/glass

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17
Q

much higher penetrative power than UV, dislodges e- from atoms, commercial uses only

A

ionizing radiation

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18
Q

microwaves use ____ wavelength radiation

A

long

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19
Q

how filtration work?

A

physically remove microbes without killing, pores too small for microbes to pass

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20
Q

filtration good for:

A

heat sensitive liquids and gasses

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21
Q

HEPA stand for:

A

high efficiency particulate air

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22
Q

what is immobilized enzyme filtration?

A

filter material coated with enzymes that lyse bacteria

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23
Q

antiseptics for ___surfaces, disinfectants for ___

A

biological; inanimate

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24
Q

chemicals which MAY kill microbes but usually only inhibit microbe growth by create unfavourable enviro

A

preservatives

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25
germicides designed to:
reduce microbe load, sometimes create true sterile surface
26
mech of action for germicides?
denature/coagulate proteins, dissolve lipids, oxidize cell macromolecules
27
factors affecting efficacy of germicides?
time of exposure, temp of enviro, [] of it, presence of organic matter, number and type of microbes present
28
golden rule ?
clean before disinfect
29
high level germicide:
sterilant, kills all microbes
30
intermediate lvl?
everything except spores
31
low:
kill most vegetative, not some viruses or mycobacteria
32
items thta contact blood stream/sterile body tissues
critical
33
items that contact mucous mem
semi critical
34
items that only contact intact skin
non critical
35
one of the earliest germicides, denature proteins, skin irritant , used as disinfectant today
phenols
36
phenols found in ___ at low concentration for analgesic effect
cough drops
37
chlorinated phenol with unusual mode of action (inhibits enzyme req. for bacterial fatty acid synth)
triclosan
38
triclosan is used in ___ and is non-___
suture thread; irritating
39
why triclosan banned from antibacterial soaps?
toxicity/enviro concerns w/ long term exposure
40
dissolves lipds and denatures proteins, non-toxic and non-irritating, mostly used as 70% solution in water, most common for hand sanitation
alcohols
41
drawback of alcohols?
not completely remove microbes (bad action if organic matter still present)
42
useful for wound antiseptic, bedsore care
hydrogen peroxide (esp accelerated: proprietary additives)
43
PerCept is tuberculocidal at __ min and __ degrees
5; 20
44
bind strongly to cell proteins and inactivate cell enzymes, inhibit mem functions
heavy metals
45
examples of heavy metals?
selenium (anti fungal topical cream), zinc (mouthwash
46
mech of action of halogens?
protein denature
47
household bleach is ___% sodium hypochlorite, and is used for:
5; treat drinking water , kill microbes
48
drawbacks of chlorine?
inactivated by organic matter, poor long term stability
49
less toxic and more stable than chlorine, useful as antiseptic and has good tincture and iodophore qualities
iodine
50
what is tincture?
combined effect of iodine with alcohol
51
what is iodophore?
iodine plus hydrocarbon carrier that slows/prolongs release of iodine
52
disrupts mems, denatures proteins, one of three antiseptics on WHO essential meds
chlorhexidine
53
what are quats?
quaternary ammonium comps, detergents made of 4 organic groups attached to N atom
54
what do quats do?
dissolve lipids in cell me, good activity vs everything except mycobacteria and spores
55
how know if quat in mouthwash?
foaming
56
how does alkylating agent work?
cross links organic groups, denatures cell macromolecules
57
alkylating agents act as ___ if given long exposure times of ____ hours
sterilants; 5-10
58
examples of alkylating agents
glutaraldehyde, ethylene oxide
59
in gas state, ethylene oxide enables ___ into hard to reach areas. But be careful because it is _____
penetration; toxic, explosive, carcinogenic
60
outbreak linked to germicide use usually cuz:
not following instructions, not good pre cleaning, use wrong agent
61
product spoiled if:
microbes with pathogenic potential present, toxic metabolites present, microbe growth caused deterioration
62
preservatives for food need classify as ___
GRAS
63
example of preservatives that are GRAS?
organic acids, sodium nitrite, high sugar/salt
64
spices with strong antimicrobe effect?
cinnamon, cloves, mustard
65
medium antimicrobial spices?
allspice, bay leaf, caraway, coriander, cumin, oregano, rosemary, sage, thyme
66
weak antimicrobe spices?
pepper, ginger
67
examples of biological control agents?
bacteriophage, bacteriocin
68
what is only bacteriocin approved as preservative?
nisin
69
what is nisin?
34 aa produced by lactococcus lactis, nontoxic to humans but toxic to botulinim and gram +
70
what is MAP?
modified atmosphere packaging--replace O2 with nitrogen/CO2 mix or O2/N mix (anaerobes)
71
what is disinfection?
destruction/removal of vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores (used on inanimate objects)
72
what is sterilization?
complete removal / destruction of all viable microorg
73
what is antisepsis/
applied to body surface to destroy/inhibit vegetative pathogens
74
what is chemotherapy?
chems used internally to kill /inhibit growth

MCIM (24 decks)

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