19--Practical Immunology

Question 1

use ___ assays to exploit Ab-Ag interaction for detection of Ab or Ag

Answer 1

serological

Question 2

what is ELISA?q

Answer 2

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

Question 3

how does ELISA work?

Answer 3

1) Ag attached to solid support 2) patient serum added–Ab bind to antigen 3) add second Ab (anti-human Ig) which recognizes human Ig and is tagged with enzyme 4) add substrate for tagged enzyme (coloured rxn product is produced if anti-human Ig has bound to Ab-HCV complex)

Question 4

positive ELISA result means:

Answer 4

Ab against certain micro org present in patient serum

Question 5

what is window period?

Answer 5

between first contact w/ microbe and time which first Ab appear (days to weeks)

Question 6

important tests using antibody-capture ELISA?1

Answer 6

pregnancy (free monoclonal Ab specific for hCG)

Question 7

what is agglutination test used for?

Answer 7

discrimnate tween closely related strains of same spp (serotypes)

Question 8

drugs that stim production of lymphocytes in bone marros (purified cytokines)

Answer 8

immunostimulatory drugs

Question 9

methotrexate is ex. of _____

Answer 9

immunosuppressive drug

Question 10

studied nutr for immunity?

Answer 10

zinc, selenium, copper, vits, folic acid

Question 11

___ in broccoli may boost immune sys

Answer 11

DIM (good for ^ cytokines and WBC)

Question 12

Cold FX claims supported by sci?

Answer 12

effects on innate immunity (^ macrophage), fx on acquired immunity (^ cyto and B cells)

Question 13

evidence for probiotics prevention of cold?

Answer 13

noooo

Question 14

think ___ instead of “boost” IS

Answer 14

maintain

Question 15

principle of vaccines:

Answer 15

induce memory B/T cells against microbe so future exposure result in rapid immune response which will eliminate before cause disease

Question 16

temporary short term immunity that results when Ab admin to person

Answer 16

passive immunization

Question 17

examples of passive?

Answer 17

immune globulin (prepared from blood of donors w/ high lvl Ig against certain pathogens–>3 wks), maternal Ab (4-6months)

Question 18

longer term immunity due to immune response following exposure to Ag

Answer 18

active immunization (vaccines)

Question 19

two types of vaccines

Answer 19

whole cell and sub-unit (acellular)

Question 20

why risks of adverse rxn in whole cell?

Answer 20

toxic bacterial comps still present (inflammation, fever)

Question 21

ex. of whole cell vaccines?

Answer 21

polio, cholera

Question 22

ex. live attenuated whole cell?

Answer 22

measles, mumps, rubella

Question 23

how does live attenuated whole cell work?

Answer 23

multiply briefly in host but can’t cause disease (cuz of mutations), most closely mimics natural infection so has lifelong immunity

Question 24

slight risk of ___ in live attenuated whole cell

Answer 24

back mutation to original non-attenuated microbe

Question 25

ex. of subunit vaccines?

Answer 25

whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus

Question 26

pros of subunit vaccines?

Answer 26

fewest advers side effects

Question 27

cons subunit vacc?

Answer 27

less likely produce cell mediated immunity, less likely life-long (need booster)

Question 28

most vaccines include ____ to enhance immune response

Answer 28

“adjuvants”

Question 29

example of adjuvant?

Answer 29

aluminum sulfate, squalene, saponin

Question 30

how do adjuvants work?

Answer 30

trap antigen for more sustained/slow release, combine w/ antigen for more efficient activation of T cells, non-specific immune stim. (good for sub-unit vaccines)

Question 31

protection achieved by being part of larger grp that includes lots of immunized ppl

Answer 31

herd immunity

Question 32

oral poliovirus vaccine replaced by:

Answer 32

salk

Question 33

challenges in vacc development?

Answer 33

bundling, finding right one that doesn’t cause probs, better life-long, stability under adverse conditions, improve delivery systems, get people on board with getting vaccines, old diseases keep vaccinating