18 Immune Disorders

Question 1

3 categories of disorders?

Answer 1

hypersensitivity, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity

Question 2

what is hypersensitivity?

Answer 2

overly aggressive immune response to antigen, 2 stage process 1) sensitize 2) strong rxn

Question 3

sensitizing Ag is called:

Answer 3

allergen

Question 4

2 categories of hypersensitivity:

Answer 4

immediate (min-hours) and delayed (24 hrs to several days)

Question 5

difference of delayed?

Answer 5

no antibody

Question 6

type 1 hypersensitivity involves ___ Ab and various ____ cells

Answer 6

IgE; granulated (baso/eosino/mast cells)

Question 7

granulated cells found in ____, carry granules containing ____

Answer 7

tissues close to body surfaces; inflammatory chem

Question 8

gran. cells involved in ____ and able to strongly bind ___ to cell surface

Answer 8

wound healing; IgE

Question 9

1st contact with allergen (in immediate) triggers ____ which makes excessive IgE which binds to mast cells, then 2nd contact mast cells ___ and release chem

Answer 9

B-cells; degranulate

Question 10

histamine cause:

Answer 10

dilation BV, constrict airway, ^ secrete mucus, stim nerve endings

Question 11

types of anaphylactic rxn

Answer 11

localized (atopic) and generalized (acute/systemic)

Question 12

how to treat mild acute/atopic rxn?

Answer 12

anti-histamine, steroids/bronchodilators, drugs that act on mast cells

Question 13

treatment of anaphylactic shocK?

Answer 13

epinephrine

Question 14

what is desensitization immunotherapy?

Answer 14

exposure to increasing doses of allergen over time (subcutaneous or sublingual pill)–good for wasp venom and grass pollen

Question 15

how to allergy test?

Answer 15

administer suspected allergens, examine for inflammation after 20-30min

Question 16

___% of pop. hypersensitive to 1+ allergens

Answer 16

20 (cuz of hygiene hypothesis, gentic)

Question 17

big 10 of allergies:

Answer 17

peanuts, tree nuts, sesame, milk, egg, seafood, soy, wheat, sulphites, mustard

Question 18

how does delayed (type 4) hypersensitivity work?

Answer 18

1st exposure activates T helper cells and production of mem. TH, 2nd exposure activates mem Th and they release cytokines which draw macrophage and Tc cells to allergen

Question 19

example of delayed hypersens?

Answer 19

contact dermatitis (poison ivy)

Question 20

what is poison ivy rxn:

Answer 20

chem from ivy bind to skin protein, which is seen as foreign and activates Th, 2nd exposure to ivy chem triggers macrophage/Tc to attacK!

Question 21

test to determine if someone sensitized to tuberculosis due to prior exposure, disease, vaccine

Answer 21

tuberculin skin test (mantoux test)

Question 22

how to do Mantoux test?

Answer 22

inject non infectious strain, look for inflammation at 48-72 hrs

Question 23

positive TB skin test means:

Answer 23

previous disease and full recovery, active infection, or vaccination against it

Question 24

failure to mount effective immune response to foreign Ag due to defect in innate/adaptive immune sys

Answer 24

immunodeficiency disorders

Question 25

immune sys not fully formed til ____ months

Answer 25

18-24

Question 26

abnormal immunodeficiences may be either:

Answer 26

congenital or acquired

Question 27

most common type of congenital immunodef?

Answer 27

B cell

Question 28

5 types of congenital immunodef?

Answer 28

B cell, T cell, combined B/T, phagocytic # or fxn, complement

Question 29

B cell deficiency resulting in no humoural response

Answer 29

agammaglobulinemia

Question 30

T cell deficiency due to abnormal thymus, ^ susceptibility to intracell microbes, poor ab response

Answer 30

DiGeorge

Question 31

precursor cells for B and T cells fail to form (requires isolation from all microbes to prevent infection, sometimes treated w/ bone marrow transplants)

Answer 31

SCID

Question 32

how does HIV work?

Answer 32

attach to receptor cule (CD4) on helpter T cells, replicates inside and kills it, decline in # of Th cells cause probs

Question 33

drugs can cause acquired immunodef by:

Answer 33

temporary suppression of over-active immune response (corticosteroids) or after transplantation

Question 34

stress affects ___ health

Answer 34

periodontal

Question 35

possible mechs for autoimmunity?

Answer 35

high similarity between foreign and cell Ag, mutation which creates new protein recognized by B cells

Question 36

autoimmunity ___ % genetic and __% enviro

Answer 36

30; 70

Question 37

autoimmunity more in women or men?

Answer 37

women

Question 38

types of autoimmunity?

Answer 38

type 1 diabetes, acute rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, celiac

Question 39

what is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 39

cytotoxic t cells destroy pancreatic insulin producing cells

Question 40

what is acute rheum fever?

Answer 40

ab produced against strepto cell wall recognize similar antigens on heart valves (cross react)

Question 41

what is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 41

T cells activated by unknown self antigen–>Ig + antigen complexes deposit in joints

Question 42

autoimmune condition triggered by gluten w/ symps like ab pain, chronic diarrhea, anorexia, fail to thrive due to loss of gut absorb capacity cuz damage to intestinal tract villi

Answer 42

celiac

Question 43

^ gut permeability allows entry of gluten to underlying tissues, which is acted on by ___ to produce ___

Answer 43

tissue transglutaminase; deamidated gluten, complexes of gluten bound to tTG (immune response activated)

Question 44

is helminthic therapy approved?

Answer 44

nooo experimental

Question 45

use what parasites for therapy?

Answer 45

hookworm and whipworm (intiate infection, increase activity helper T cells, stim. cytokines to suppress some parts of response, change comp of intestinal flora–>decreases inflam of autoimmunity)