LEC1 - PLATELET PRODUCTION, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS Flashcards
1
Q
do platelets have nucleus?
A
nope, they are anucleated
2
Q
platelets circulate at a concentration of ___
A
150-400 10^9/L
3
Q
- Platelet count in women is slightly __________ than in men.
A
higher
4
Q
Platelet count older than 65 years ________________.
A
lower
5
Q
platelet triggers what type of hemostasis
A
primary hemostasis
6
Q
Platelets arise from a unique bone marrow cell called ___
A
megakaryocytes
7
Q
platelet life span
A
8 - 9 days
8
Q
what is the largest cell in the bone marrow
A
megakaryocytes
9
Q
megakaryocyte posses multiple chromosomes copies called as
A
polypoid
10
Q
Megakaryocytes is about ___________
um in diameter
A
30 - 50 mm
11
Q
megakaryocyte
It is the only cell line where cells become
bigger as they mature.
true or false
A
true the fire
12
Q
Instead of mitosis, megakaryocytes undergo what type of cell division
A
endomitosis
13
Q
what’s the difference of endomitosis to mitosis
A
A form of mitosis wherein there is no cytoplasmic division but there is NUCLEAR DIVISION
14
Q
3 STAGE OF PLATELET PRODUCTION
A
- proliferative stage
- terminal differentiation stage
- thrombopoiesis stage
15
Q
3 stages of megakaryocyte progenitors
A
BFU - burst forming unit
CFU - colony forming unit
LD - CFU - light density colony forming unit
16
Q
the 3 stages of megakaryocyte progenitors are always thought and looks like as
A
lymphocytes
16
Q
among the 3 stages of megakaryocyte progenitor, which are the ones undergoing mitosis and endomitosis
A
BFU and CFU undergo mitosis
LD - CFU undergo endomitosis
16
Q
stages under proliferative stage of platelet production
A
BFU - burst forming unit
CFU - colony forming unit
LD - CFU - light density colony forming unit
17
Q
stage of meg progenitors that clones hundreds of colony
A
Burst forming unit
18
Q
stage of megakaryocyte that forms daughter colony
A
colony forming unit - cfu
19
Q
the most matured stage of megakaryocyte progenitors
A
light density colony forming unit
20
Q
the replication of
chromosomes in the
absence of cell
or nuclear division,
A
Endomitosis
21
Q
stages of terminal
megakaryocyte differentiation
A
megakaryoblast
promegakaryocyte
megakaryocyte
22
Q
precursor % of megakaryoblast
A
20%
23
megakaryoblast is also known as
MK I
24
Diameter of MK I
14-18 um
25
Nucleolus shape of MK 1
round
26
serotonin in d granules serve as a vasoconstrictor of what?
endothelial cells and plasma membrane
27
how many nucleoli are found in MK I
2-6
28
describe the chromatin of MK 1
homogenous
29
n:c ratio of MK 1
3:1
30
describe the color of cytoplasm of MK1
dark blue - basophilic - due to presence of RNA
31
% of precursor of MK II
25%
32
diameter of MK II
15-40 um
33
hallmark of MK II
has cleavage or indentation
34
do MK I has blebs?
yes ofcors
35
Cytoplasm of MK II
Basophilic and granular
36
% Precursor of MK III
56%
37
Diameter of MK III
30-50 um
38
Nucleolus of MK III
multilobed
39
Nucleoli of MK III
Not visible
40
Nucleolus of MK II
indented
41
Nucleoli of MK II
variable
42
Chromatin of MK II
condensed
43
N:C ratio of MK II
1:2
44
Nucleoli of MK III
not visible
45
Chromatin of MK III
Deeply condensed
46
N:C ratio of MK III
1:4
47
Cytoplasm of MK III
Azurophilic and
granular
48
Least differentiated megakaryocyte precursor
MK 1
49
do MK 1 still looks like LYMPHOCYTES?
No longer looks like LYMPHOCYTES
50
what stage of meg precursor Begins to develop most of its cytoplasmic ultrastructure
MK 1
51
what are the example of cytoplasmic ultrastructure
a granules
d granules
DMS - demarcation system
52
stage of megakaryocyte precursor where Nuclear lobularity ( INDENTATION) takes place
MK II
53
among the megakaryocyte precursor, this one is the most abundant and can be easily recognized. It is as well the one that sheds platelets
megakaryocytes
54
divides the
cytoplasm into
small platelet
territories
DMS
55
a process of platelet releasing is called as
thrombocytopoiesis
56
* During thrombocytopoiesis, a single
megakaryocyte may shed
_________ platelet
2000 - 4000 platelets
57
a hormone or a growth fatctor that will stimulate the production of platelets
TPO - thrombopoietin
58
a stage of platelet production wherein a Shedding of platelet or shedding of
megakaryocyte takes place
thrombopoiesis stage
59
a ultrastructure of platelet which is a future site of fragmentation
DMS - demarcation system
60
a series of membrane lined channel. It will
invade from the plasma membrane and it will
grow inward to subdivide the entire cytoplasm. It
is identical to megakaryocyte plasma membrane
DMS - demarcation system
61
a cytoplasmic ultrastructure of platelet that is present in all stages of Meg precursor (MK I, II , III) and is main purpose is for adhesion
a-granules/ alpha granules
62
a condition or disease associated to lack of alpha granules is called as
Gray platelet syndrome
63
platelet's size
2-4 um
64
color and appearance of platelet
pale blue cells with azurophilic granules
65
normal MPV of platelet
MPV : 8-10 fl
66
Shape of platelet
Disk-shaped or circular to
irregular lavender and granular under
wright stained wedge preparation
67
Reference value of platelet
150-400 x 10^9 /L
68
how many percent of platelet constitute the body's circulation?
70%
69
70% 0f platelet are found in circulation. while the other 30% are found in ___
30% or 1/3 are sequestered by the spleen
70
what's the purpose of the 30% platelets found in the spleen
it will use if there’s a trauma
71
if the platelets are involved in primary hemostasis, what are involved in secondary hemostasis
coagulation factors
72
if the MPV was too high it only means that
the platelets are bigger and it result to
conditions like GIANT PLATELET one of the
characteristic of what syndrome?
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome
73
Low MPV is a characteristic of what syndrome?
GLANZMANN syndrome
74
Reticulated Platelets is also called as
stress platelets
75
Reticulated Platelets appear in compensation for )))))
thrombocytopenia
76
reticulated platelets are ___ than normal platelet
(Larger, smaller)
Larger
77
Diameter and mpv of reticulated platelets
Diameter > 6 um
; MPV = 12-14 fl
78
shape of reticulated platelets in EDTA
rounded
79
shape of reticulated platelets in citrated blood
cylindrical
80
Thrombopoietin (TPO
_____ Dalton
70, 000
81
how many percent is TPO homology to EPO
23%
82
TPO are most likely produced in what organ
Liver
83
a cytokines that Acts in synergy with TPO to induce early differentiation of stem
cells
Interleukin-3 (IL-3)
84
* Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-11 (IL-6 and IL-11)
Enhance the later phenomena of
endomitosis, ________, ________and Platelet release.
Enhance the later phenomena of
endomitosis, differentiation of megakaryocytes, late maturation and Platelet release.
85
TPO helps and controls what stages
Differentiation to Progenitor
Differentiation to Megakaryocytes
Late Maturation
86
IL 11 helps and controls what stages
Differentiation to Megakaryocytes
Late Maturation
Thrombopoiesis
87
IL 3 helps and controls what stages
Differentiation to Progenitor
Differentiation to Megakaryocytes
88
IL 6 helps and controls what stages
Late Maturation
Thrombopoiesis
89
KL/SCF/MCGF helps and controls what stages
KL: Kit Ligand;
SCF: Stem Cell Factor;
MCGF: Mast cell Growth Factor
Differentiation to Progenitor
90
Colony Stimulating Factor-GEMM helps and controls what stages
Differentiation to Progenitor
91
Major Structural Feature of Platelet
1. Peripheral Zone
2. Sol-Gel Zone
3. Organelle Zone
4. Membranous System
92
Peripheral Zone is composed of which component of a platelet
glycocalyx and plasma membrane
93
a structural feature of a platelet that is composed of the
membranes and is
responsible for
platelet adhesion
and aggregation
Peripheral Zone
94
Peripheral Zone - originates from
the ____ of the
megakaryocytes
plasma
membrane
95
a Exterior coat primarily composed
of glycoproteins found in peripheral zone
glycocalyx
96
Maintains a negative surface
charge that repels other platelets
Glycocalyx
97
plasma membrane is composed of proteins and lipids.- mostly ____
phospholipids
98
Also absorbs albumin, fibrinogen, and other
plasma proteins, in many instances
transporting them to storage organelles within
using a process called endocytosis
glycocalyx
99
a platelet membrane outer surface of the
platelet
glycocalyx
100
glycoproteins or coagulationfactors that composed glycocalyx
FV-labile factor
FVIII- anti-hemophilic factor
Fibrinogen – for aggregation
101
Serves as the physical and chemical barrier
between the intracellular and extracellular
constituents of the plts.
PLASMA MEMBRANE
102
is the predominant lipid, it
gives us the basic structure of the platelet
aside from the microtubules and
microfilaments
phospholipid
103
are distributed throughout the
phospholipid
Cholesterol
104
Cholesterol also helps in ____
fluidity
105
2 Glycoprotein of Plasma Membrane
Glycoprotein Ib (GP Ib)
Glycoprotein IIb- IIIa
106
a glycoprotein of a plasma membrane that serves as the binding site for vWF,
necessary for platelet adhesion
Glycoprotein Ib (GP Ib)
107
calcium-dependent membrane protein
complex for fibrinogen receptor
necessary for platelet aggregation
Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa (GP IIb-IIIa)
108
lies directly beneath the platelet membrane
SOL-GEL ZONE
109
found in solgel zone and is composed of protein tubulin which maintains
the platelet disc shape
MICROTUBULES
110
located beneath the membrane and give the
platelet its structural support.
MICROTUBULES
111
contain actin and myosin which upon
stimulation of the platelet will interact to form
actomyosin (thrombosthenin) for clot retraction
MICROFILAMENTS
112
the part where the secretory products of platelet
come from
ORGANELLE ZONE (Centromere)
113
all the contents of the platelets are placed here
ORGANELLE ZONE (Centromere)
114
there are how many alpha granules found in each platelet
5-8 alpha granules
115
list down all the alpha granules
1. Platelet factor 4
2. Β-thromboglobulin
3. Platelet-derived growth factor
4. Fibrinogen
5. Factor V
6. VWF
7. Thrombospondin
8. Fibronectin
116
cytoplasmic granules that are primarily for adhesion
alpha granules
117
a coagulation factor that is included in a granule which also uses calcium and has an anti-heparin function
Platelet factor 4
118
aside from the
adhesion, will promote smooth muscle growth
for vessel repair.
β-thromboglobulin
119
promotes
smooth muscle growth
Platelet-derived growth factor
120
promote platelet to
platelet interaction and for adhesion
thrombospondin
121
How many dense granules are present per platelet
There are two to seven dense granules per
platelet
122
Dense Granules / delta are also called as
dense bodies
123
which granules appear later in megakaryocyte differentiation?
is it a granules or d granules?
d granules
124
what is the color of d granules when treated with OSMIUM in transmission electron microscopy
BLACK (OPAQUE)
125
dense granules migrate to the __ and release their contents directly into the plasma upon platelet activation.
plasma membrane
126
contents of Dense granules
ATP, ADP, calcium and magnesium, serotonin,
127
a content of dense granules that is involve in the platelet aggregation
ADP
128
content of dense granules that is an energy source of the platelet to achieve
the 8-12 days
ATP
129
a component/content of d granules that is important for the activation
of coagulation casting
calcium
130
a content of d granules that is for constriction
serotonin
131
what's the purpose of mitochondria to platelet
like a usual cell, it synthesized ATP for platelet metabolism
132
Lysosomal Granules of platelets
acid phosphatase
hydrolytic enzymes
133
Site of the arachidonic acid metabolism and
provides small amounts of calcium to the resting
plat
Dense Tubular System
134
sequesters calcium for platelet activation process
Dense Tubular System
135
site of platelet cyclooxygenase and
of prostaglandin synthesis
DTS
136
the DTS sequesters Ca21 and bears a series of enzymes
that support platelet activation.
these enzymes includes
These enzymes include
phospholipase A2,
cyclooxygenase,
and thromboxane synthetase,
which support the
eicosanoid synthesis pathway
that produces thromboxane A2,
and phospholipase C, which supports production of inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
137
The ___ is the “control center” for platelet
activation.
DTS
138
Open to the outside of the platelet
Open Canalicular System
139
Open Canalicular System is Also known as ___
surface connecting system
140
an invagination of the plasma membrane
OCS
141
acts as a canal for the release of the granule
constituents and cytoplasm to the exterior of the platelet
Open Canalicular System
142
once the platelet activates and release its secretion, all the contents will be passed through OCS, upon the process, what will happen to the platelet as well as to it's appearance?
the platelet will be destroyed as well and will form a protrusion looking like pseudopods
143
it will activate fibrinogen to fibrin
thrombin
144
a process where it involves adhesion, secretion and aggregation with the end view of
hemostatic plug
primary hemostasis - platelet involved
145
is a process by releasing platelet
factor 3 that plays a big role in forming fibrin
clot.
Blood coaguation
146
coagulation factors
Accelerates the conversion of PT to
thrombin
PF1
147
coagulation factors
Accelerates the clotting of purified
fibrinogen by thrombin
PF2
148
coagulation factor
Phospholipid needed in the intrinsic
coagulation pathway (we have 3
pathways: Intrinsic, Common, Extrinsic)
PF3
149
coagulation factor
Antiheparin -part of alpha granules, and we also
seen inside the platelets that neutralizes
the heparin
PF4
150
coagulation factor
Necessary for normal fibrin formation
PF5
151
coagulation factors
Antifibrinolysis
PF6
152
a coagulation factor that is Necessary in the formation of intrinsic
thromboplastin (also known as FIII or
tissue factor)
PF7
153
hemophilia was first recognized.
2nd century A.D
154
We have 3 types of
hemophilia
(PROBLEM WITH THE COAGULATION
FACTORS OR ABSENSCE)
Hemophilia A, B, C
155
Hemophilia A is about
problem with FVIII
156
Hemophilia B is about
problem with FIX(Christmas factor)
157
Hemophilia C is about
Hemophilia C- problem with FXI
158
described 2 male
siblings who died because of excessive
bleeding after circumcision
Moises Maimonides
159
Moises Maimonides described 2 male
siblings who died because of excessive
bleeding after circumcision on what year?
12th century A.D
160
clinical description of families with
hemophilia was first published on what year
1803
161
The disorder was given the name
HEMOPHILIA which means “love of
hemorrhage” by ___
Schonlein
162
The disorder was given the name
HEMOPHILIA which means “love of
hemorrhage” by Schonlein on what year?
1803
163
the disorder was first described in a
thesis published by Hoff on what year
1828
164
platelets were described on what year
1842
165
on what year does the theory of blood coagulation is accepted ?
1905
166
On 1905, Theory on Blood Coagulation by ___ was accepted.
Paul Morawitz
167
Lee & White WBCT (clotting time) was
performed on what year
1913
168
Prothrombin time was introduced by
____(because platelets has
reference value of 10-15 secs)
Quick
169
platelets has
reference value of 10-15 secs on what year
1930
170
an indirect count of platelet uses/ conductng ___
smear
171
an direct count of platelet uses/ conductng ___
uses RBC pipette and
hemocytometer
172
year when the “Cascade & Waterfall Theory” of
coagulation was introduced.
1964
173
