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HEMATOLOGY 2 > LEC1 - PLATELET PRODUCTION, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS > Flashcards

LEC1 - PLATELET PRODUCTION, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS Flashcards

1
Q

do platelets have nucleus?

A

nope, they are anucleated

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2
Q

platelets circulate at a concentration of ___

A

150-400 10^9/L

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3
Q
  • Platelet count in women is slightly __________ than in men.
A

higher

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4
Q

Platelet count older than 65 years ________________.

A

lower

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5
Q

platelet triggers what type of hemostasis

A

primary hemostasis

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6
Q

Platelets arise from a unique bone marrow cell called ___

A

megakaryocytes

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7
Q

platelet life span

A

8 - 9 days

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8
Q

what is the largest cell in the bone marrow

A

megakaryocytes

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9
Q

megakaryocyte posses multiple chromosomes copies called as

A

polypoid

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10
Q

Megakaryocytes is about ___________
um in diameter

A

30 - 50 mm

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11
Q

megakaryocyte

It is the only cell line where cells become
bigger as they mature.

true or false

A

true the fire

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12
Q

Instead of mitosis, megakaryocytes undergo what type of cell division

A

endomitosis

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13
Q

what’s the difference of endomitosis to mitosis

A

A form of mitosis wherein there is no cytoplasmic division but there is NUCLEAR DIVISION

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14
Q

3 STAGE OF PLATELET PRODUCTION

A
  1. proliferative stage
  2. terminal differentiation stage
  3. thrombopoiesis stage
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15
Q

3 stages of megakaryocyte progenitors

A

BFU - burst forming unit
CFU - colony forming unit
LD - CFU - light density colony forming unit

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16
Q

the 3 stages of megakaryocyte progenitors are always thought and looks like as

A

lymphocytes

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16
Q

among the 3 stages of megakaryocyte progenitor, which are the ones undergoing mitosis and endomitosis

A

BFU and CFU undergo mitosis
LD - CFU undergo endomitosis

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16
Q

stages under proliferative stage of platelet production

A

BFU - burst forming unit
CFU - colony forming unit
LD - CFU - light density colony forming unit

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17
Q

stage of meg progenitors that clones hundreds of colony

A

Burst forming unit

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18
Q

stage of megakaryocyte that forms daughter colony

A

colony forming unit - cfu

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19
Q

the most matured stage of megakaryocyte progenitors

A

light density colony forming unit

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20
Q

the replication of
chromosomes in the
absence of cell
or nuclear division,

A

Endomitosis

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21
Q

stages of terminal
megakaryocyte differentiation

A

megakaryoblast
promegakaryocyte
megakaryocyte

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22
Q

precursor % of megakaryoblast

A

20%

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23
Q

megakaryoblast is also known as

A

MK I

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24
Q

Diameter of MK I

A

14-18 um

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25
Q

Nucleolus shape of MK 1

A

round

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26
Q

serotonin in d granules serve as a vasoconstrictor of what?

A

endothelial cells and plasma membrane

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27
Q

how many nucleoli are found in MK I

A

2-6

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28
Q

describe the chromatin of MK 1

A

homogenous

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29
Q

n:c ratio of MK 1

A

3:1

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30
Q

describe the color of cytoplasm of MK1

A

dark blue - basophilic - due to presence of RNA

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31
Q

% of precursor of MK II

A

25%

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32
Q

diameter of MK II

A

15-40 um

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33
Q

hallmark of MK II

A

has cleavage or indentation

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34
Q

do MK I has blebs?

A

yes ofcors

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35
Q

Cytoplasm of MK II

A

Basophilic and granular

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36
Q

% Precursor of MK III

A

56%

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37
Q

Diameter of MK III

A

30-50 um

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38
Q

Nucleolus of MK III

A

multilobed

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39
Q

Nucleoli of MK III

A

Not visible

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40
Q

Nucleolus of MK II

A

indented

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41
Q

Nucleoli of MK II

A

variable

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42
Q

Chromatin of MK II

A

condensed

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43
Q

N:C ratio of MK II

A

1:2

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44
Q

Nucleoli of MK III

A

not visible

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45
Q

Chromatin of MK III

A

Deeply condensed

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46
Q

N:C ratio of MK III

A

1:4

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47
Q

Cytoplasm of MK III

A

Azurophilic and
granular

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48
Q

Least differentiated megakaryocyte precursor

A

MK 1

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49
Q

do MK 1 still looks like LYMPHOCYTES?

A

No longer looks like LYMPHOCYTES

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50
Q

what stage of meg precursor Begins to develop most of its cytoplasmic ultrastructure

A

MK 1

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51
Q

what are the example of cytoplasmic ultrastructure

A

a granules
d granules
DMS - demarcation system

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52
Q

stage of megakaryocyte precursor where Nuclear lobularity ( INDENTATION) takes place

A

MK II

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53
Q

among the megakaryocyte precursor, this one is the most abundant and can be easily recognized. It is as well the one that sheds platelets

A

megakaryocytes

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54
Q

divides the
cytoplasm into
small platelet
territories

A

DMS

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55
Q

a process of platelet releasing is called as

A

thrombocytopoiesis

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56
Q
  • During thrombocytopoiesis, a single
    megakaryocyte may shed
    _________ platelet
A

2000 - 4000 platelets

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57
Q

a hormone or a growth fatctor that will stimulate the production of platelets

A

TPO - thrombopoietin

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58
Q

a stage of platelet production wherein a Shedding of platelet or shedding of
megakaryocyte takes place

A

thrombopoiesis stage

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59
Q

a ultrastructure of platelet which is a future site of fragmentation

A

DMS - demarcation system

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60
Q

a series of membrane lined channel. It will
invade from the plasma membrane and it will
grow inward to subdivide the entire cytoplasm. It
is identical to megakaryocyte plasma membrane

A

DMS - demarcation system

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61
Q

a cytoplasmic ultrastructure of platelet that is present in all stages of Meg precursor (MK I, II , III) and is main purpose is for adhesion

A

a-granules/ alpha granules

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62
Q

a condition or disease associated to lack of alpha granules is called as

A

Gray platelet syndrome

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63
Q

platelet’s size

A

2-4 um

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64
Q

color and appearance of platelet

A

pale blue cells with azurophilic granules

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65
Q

normal MPV of platelet

A

MPV : 8-10 fl

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66
Q

Shape of platelet

A

Disk-shaped or circular to
irregular lavender and granular under
wright stained wedge preparation

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67
Q

Reference value of platelet

A

150-400 x 10^9 /L

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68
Q

how many percent of platelet constitute the body’s circulation?

A

70%

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69
Q

70% 0f platelet are found in circulation. while the other 30% are found in ___

A

30% or 1/3 are sequestered by the spleen

70
Q

what’s the purpose of the 30% platelets found in the spleen

A

it will use if there’s a trauma

71
Q

if the platelets are involved in primary hemostasis, what are involved in secondary hemostasis

A

coagulation factors

72
Q

if the MPV was too high it only means that
the platelets are bigger and it result to
conditions like GIANT PLATELET one of the
characteristic of what syndrome?

A

Bernard-Soulier Syndrome

73
Q

Low MPV is a characteristic of what syndrome?

A

GLANZMANN syndrome

74
Q

Reticulated Platelets is also called as

A

stress platelets

75
Q

Reticulated Platelets appear in compensation for )))))

A

thrombocytopenia

76
Q

reticulated platelets are ___ than normal platelet

(Larger, smaller)

A

Larger

77
Q

Diameter and mpv of reticulated platelets

A

Diameter > 6 um
; MPV = 12-14 fl

78
Q

shape of reticulated platelets in EDTA

A

rounded

79
Q

shape of reticulated platelets in citrated blood

A

cylindrical

80
Q

Thrombopoietin (TPO

_____ Dalton

A

70, 000

81
Q

how many percent is TPO homology to EPO

A

23%

82
Q

TPO are most likely produced in what organ

A

Liver

83
Q

a cytokines that Acts in synergy with TPO to induce early differentiation of stem
cells

A

Interleukin-3 (IL-3)

84
Q
  • Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-11 (IL-6 and IL-11)

Enhance the later phenomena of
endomitosis, ________, ________and Platelet release.

A

Enhance the later phenomena of
endomitosis, differentiation of megakaryocytes, late maturation and Platelet release.

85
Q

TPO helps and controls what stages

A

Differentiation to Progenitor
Differentiation to Megakaryocytes
Late Maturation

86
Q

IL 11 helps and controls what stages

A

Differentiation to Megakaryocytes
Late Maturation
Thrombopoiesis

87
Q

IL 3 helps and controls what stages

A

Differentiation to Progenitor
Differentiation to Megakaryocytes

88
Q

IL 6 helps and controls what stages

A

Late Maturation
Thrombopoiesis

89
Q

KL/SCF/MCGF helps and controls what stages

KL: Kit Ligand;
SCF: Stem Cell Factor;
MCGF: Mast cell Growth Factor

A

Differentiation to Progenitor

90
Q

Colony Stimulating Factor-GEMM helps and controls what stages

A

Differentiation to Progenitor

91
Q

Major Structural Feature of Platelet

A
  1. Peripheral Zone
  2. Sol-Gel Zone
  3. Organelle Zone
  4. Membranous System
92
Q

Peripheral Zone is composed of which component of a platelet

A

glycocalyx and plasma membrane

93
Q

a structural feature of a platelet that is composed of the
membranes and is
responsible for
platelet adhesion
and aggregation

A

Peripheral Zone

94
Q

Peripheral Zone - originates from
the ____ of the
megakaryocytes

A

plasma
membrane

95
Q

a Exterior coat primarily composed
of glycoproteins found in peripheral zone

A

glycocalyx

96
Q

Maintains a negative surface
charge that repels other platelets

A

Glycocalyx

97
Q

plasma membrane is composed of proteins and lipids.- mostly ____

A

phospholipids

98
Q

Also absorbs albumin, fibrinogen, and other
plasma proteins, in many instances
transporting them to storage organelles within
using a process called endocytosis

A

glycocalyx

99
Q

a platelet membrane outer surface of the
platelet

A

glycocalyx

100
Q

glycoproteins or coagulationfactors that composed glycocalyx

A

 FV-labile factor
 FVIII- anti-hemophilic factor
 Fibrinogen – for aggregation

101
Q

Serves as the physical and chemical barrier
between the intracellular and extracellular
constituents of the plts.

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

102
Q

is the predominant lipid, it
gives us the basic structure of the platelet
aside from the microtubules and
microfilaments

A

phospholipid

103
Q

are distributed throughout the
phospholipid

A

Cholesterol

104
Q

Cholesterol also helps in ____

A

fluidity

105
Q

2 Glycoprotein of Plasma Membrane

A

Glycoprotein Ib (GP Ib)
Glycoprotein IIb- IIIa

106
Q

a glycoprotein of a plasma membrane that serves as the binding site for vWF,
necessary for platelet adhesion

A

Glycoprotein Ib (GP Ib)

107
Q

calcium-dependent membrane protein
complex for fibrinogen receptor
necessary for platelet aggregation

A

Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa (GP IIb-IIIa)

108
Q

lies directly beneath the platelet membrane

A

SOL-GEL ZONE

109
Q

found in solgel zone and is composed of protein tubulin which maintains
the platelet disc shape

A

MICROTUBULES

110
Q

located beneath the membrane and give the
platelet its structural support.

A

MICROTUBULES

111
Q

contain actin and myosin which upon
stimulation of the platelet will interact to form
actomyosin (thrombosthenin) for clot retraction

A

MICROFILAMENTS

112
Q

the part where the secretory products of platelet
come from

A

ORGANELLE ZONE (Centromere)

113
Q

all the contents of the platelets are placed here

A

ORGANELLE ZONE (Centromere)

114
Q

there are how many alpha granules found in each platelet

A

5-8 alpha granules

115
Q

list down all the alpha granules

A
  1. Platelet factor 4
  2. Β-thromboglobulin
  3. Platelet-derived growth factor
  4. Fibrinogen
  5. Factor V
  6. VWF
  7. Thrombospondin
  8. Fibronectin
116
Q

cytoplasmic granules that are primarily for adhesion

A

alpha granules

117
Q

a coagulation factor that is included in a granule which also uses calcium and has an anti-heparin function

A

Platelet factor 4

118
Q

aside from the
adhesion, will promote smooth muscle growth
for vessel repair.

A

β-thromboglobulin

119
Q

promotes
smooth muscle growth

A

Platelet-derived growth factor

120
Q

promote platelet to
platelet interaction and for adhesion

A

thrombospondin

121
Q

How many dense granules are present per platelet

A

There are two to seven dense granules per
platelet

122
Q

Dense Granules / delta are also called as

A

dense bodies

123
Q

which granules appear later in megakaryocyte differentiation?

is it a granules or d granules?

A

d granules

124
Q

what is the color of d granules when treated with OSMIUM in transmission electron microscopy

A

BLACK (OPAQUE)

125
Q

dense granules migrate to the __ and release their contents directly into the plasma upon platelet activation.

A

plasma membrane

126
Q

contents of Dense granules

A

ATP, ADP, calcium and magnesium, serotonin,

127
Q

a content of dense granules that is involve in the platelet aggregation

A

ADP

128
Q

content of dense granules that is an energy source of the platelet to achieve
the 8-12 days

A

ATP

129
Q

a component/content of d granules that is important for the activation
of coagulation casting

A

calcium

130
Q

a content of d granules that is for constriction

A

serotonin

131
Q

what’s the purpose of mitochondria to platelet

A

like a usual cell, it synthesized ATP for platelet metabolism

132
Q

Lysosomal Granules of platelets

A

acid phosphatase
hydrolytic enzymes

133
Q

Site of the arachidonic acid metabolism and
provides small amounts of calcium to the resting
plat

A

Dense Tubular System

134
Q

sequesters calcium for platelet activation process

A

Dense Tubular System

135
Q

site of platelet cyclooxygenase and
of prostaglandin synthesis

A

DTS

136
Q

the DTS sequesters Ca21 and bears a series of enzymes
that support platelet activation.

these enzymes includes

A

These enzymes include
phospholipase A2,
cyclooxygenase,
and thromboxane synthetase,

which support the
eicosanoid synthesis pathway
that produces thromboxane A2,
and phospholipase C, which supports production of inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).

137
Q

The ___ is the “control center” for platelet
activation.

A

DTS

138
Q

Open to the outside of the platelet

A

Open Canalicular System

139
Q

Open Canalicular System is Also known as ___

A

surface connecting system

140
Q

an invagination of the plasma membrane

A

OCS

141
Q

acts as a canal for the release of the granule
constituents and cytoplasm to the exterior of the platelet

A

Open Canalicular System

142
Q

once the platelet activates and release its secretion, all the contents will be passed through OCS, upon the process, what will happen to the platelet as well as to it’s appearance?

A

the platelet will be destroyed as well and will form a protrusion looking like pseudopods

143
Q

it will activate fibrinogen to fibrin

A

thrombin

144
Q

a process where it involves adhesion, secretion and aggregation with the end view of
hemostatic plug

A

primary hemostasis - platelet involved

145
Q

is a process by releasing platelet
factor 3 that plays a big role in forming fibrin
clot.

A

Blood coaguation

146
Q

coagulation factors

Accelerates the conversion of PT to
thrombin

A

PF1

147
Q

coagulation factors

Accelerates the clotting of purified
fibrinogen by thrombin

A

PF2

148
Q

coagulation factor

Phospholipid needed in the intrinsic
coagulation pathway (we have 3
pathways: Intrinsic, Common, Extrinsic)

A

PF3

149
Q

coagulation factor

Antiheparin -part of alpha granules, and we also
seen inside the platelets that neutralizes
the heparin

A

PF4

150
Q

coagulation factor

Necessary for normal fibrin formation

A

PF5

151
Q

coagulation factors

Antifibrinolysis

A

PF6

152
Q

a coagulation factor that is Necessary in the formation of intrinsic
thromboplastin (also known as FIII or
tissue factor)

A

PF7

153
Q

hemophilia was first recognized.

A

2nd century A.D

154
Q

We have 3 types of
hemophilia

(PROBLEM WITH THE COAGULATION
FACTORS OR ABSENSCE)

A

Hemophilia A, B, C

155
Q

Hemophilia A is about

A

problem with FVIII

156
Q

Hemophilia B is about

A

problem with FIX(Christmas factor)

157
Q

Hemophilia C is about

A

Hemophilia C- problem with FXI

158
Q

described 2 male
siblings who died because of excessive
bleeding after circumcision

A

Moises Maimonides

159
Q

Moises Maimonides described 2 male
siblings who died because of excessive
bleeding after circumcision on what year?

A

12th century A.D

160
Q

clinical description of families with
hemophilia was first published on what year

A

1803

161
Q

The disorder was given the name
HEMOPHILIA which means “love of
hemorrhage” by ___

A

Schonlein

162
Q

The disorder was given the name
HEMOPHILIA which means “love of
hemorrhage” by Schonlein on what year?

A

1803

163
Q

the disorder was first described in a
thesis published by Hoff on what year

A

1828

164
Q

platelets were described on what year

A

1842

165
Q

on what year does the theory of blood coagulation is accepted ?

A

1905

166
Q

On 1905, Theory on Blood Coagulation by ___ was accepted.

A

Paul Morawitz

167
Q

Lee & White WBCT (clotting time) was
performed on what year

A

1913

168
Q

Prothrombin time was introduced by
____(because platelets has
reference value of 10-15 secs)

A

Quick

169
Q

platelets has
reference value of 10-15 secs on what year

A

1930

170
Q

an indirect count of platelet uses/ conductng ___

A

smear

171
Q

an direct count of platelet uses/ conductng ___

A

uses RBC pipette and
hemocytometer

172
Q

year when the “Cascade & Waterfall Theory” of
coagulation was introduced.

A

1964

173
Q
A

HEMATOLOGY 2 (9 decks)

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