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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 > [LEC] Liver Enzymes > Flashcards

[LEC] Liver Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

5 MAJOR LIVER ENZYMES

A

AST
ALT
GGT
ALP
5’ NTP

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2
Q

RECOMMENDED NAME OF AST

A

ASPARTATE AMINO TRANSFERASE

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3
Q

ENZYME CLASS OF AST

A

TRANSFERASE

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4
Q

EC CODE OF AST

A

2.6.1.1

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5
Q

SYSTEMATIC NAME OF AST

A

L-ASPARTATE-2-OXOGLUTARATE AMINOTRANSFERASE

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6
Q

FORMER NAME OF AST

A

SGOT
SERUM GLUTAMIC OXALOACETIC TRANSAMINASE

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7
Q

COENZYME OF AST

A

PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE

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8
Q

CHEMICAL REACTION OF AST

A

ASPARTATE + ALPHA-KTOGLUTARATE <—AST—> OXALOACETATE + GLUTAMATE

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9
Q

WHICH ENZYME HAS A SHORTER HALF LIFE
AST OR ALT

A

AST

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10
Q

IN AST, ALPHA KETO ACIDS ARE OXIDIZED BY WHAT REACTION

A

TCA CYCLE
TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE

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11
Q

WHAT DOES THE TCA CYCLE PRODUCE

A

ENERGY

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12
Q

MAJOR TISSUE SOURCES OF AST

A

CARDIAC TISSUE
LIVER
SKELETAL MUSCLE

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13
Q

MINOR TISSUE SOURCES OF AST

A

KIDNEY
PANCREAS
ERYTHROCYTES

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14
Q

ISOENZYME FRACTIONS OF AST

A

CYTOPLASM — Predominant form; found in healthy sera
MITOCHONDRIA — Abnormal; found in cellular necrosis

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15
Q

IS AST ISOENZYME ANALYSIS ROUTINELY DONE

A

NO

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16
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCES OF AST

A

HEPATOCELLULAR DISORDERS
SKELETAL MUSCLE INVOLVEMENT
ANGINA PECTORIS

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17
Q

AST IS USED TO FOLLOW THE COURSE OF WHAT CLINICAL CONDITION

A

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
— But is not used to diagnose

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18
Q

PREDOMINANT AST ISOENZYME FORM

A

CYTOPLASMIC AST

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19
Q

ISOENZYME OF AST THAT APPEARS WHEN CELLULAR NECROSIS OCCURS

A

MITOCHONDRIAL AST

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20
Q

PATIENT IS DIAGNOSED WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM,
WHAT AST ISOENZYME IS INCREASED

A

MITOCHONDRIAL AST

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21
Q

CYTOPLASMIC AST IS FOUND IN PATIENT X’S SERUM SAMPLE.
IS THE PATIENT SUFFERING FROM ANY CLINICAL CONDITION

A

NO
CYTOPLASMIC AST IS FOUND IN HEALTHY HUMAN SERA

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22
Q

EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON HEPATOCYTES

A

ALCOHOL DESTROYS HEPATOCYTES
MITOCHONDRIAL AST INCREASES

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23
Q

THE TWO MAIN ENZYMES USED TO MONITOR HEPATOCELLULAR DISORDERS

A

AST
ALT

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24
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
AST IS USED IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

A

FALSE

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25
Q

WHAT ARE THE TIME ACTIVITY OF AST IN ANGINA PECTORIS

A

RISE — 6 TO 8 HRS AFTER ONSET
PEAK — 24 HRS
RETURNS — WITHIN 3-5 DAYS (OR WITHIN 5 DAYS)

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26
Q

HIGHEST ELEVATION OF AST

A

5X ULN

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27
Q

CLINICAL CONDITIONS OF AST WHEN ELEVATIONS REACH 5 OR MORE X ULN

A

ACUTE HEPATOCELLULAR DISORDERS
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE (SHOCK)
ACUTE PANCREATITIS
INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS

KEY TAKEAWAYS:
ACUTE, SUDDEN

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28
Q

CLINICAL CONDITIONS OF AST WHEN ELEVATIONS ARE MODERATE

A

BILIARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION
CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS
CONGESTIVE FAILURE
METASTATIC OR PRIMARY TUMOR IN LIVER
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

KEY TAKEAWAYS: OBSTRUCTION, FAILURE TO FUNCTION

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29
Q

CLINICAL CONDITIONS OF AST WHEN ELEVATION IS SLIGHT

A

PERICARDITIS
CIRRHOSIS
PULMONARY INFARCTION
DELIRIUM TREMENS
CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT
HEPATOTOXIC DRUG INTAKE

KEY TAKEAWAYS: INFLAMMATION, INJURY, DRUGS

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30
Q

WHAT ENZYME IS USED TO MONITOR HEPATOTOXIC DRUGS

A

AST

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31
Q

LIMIT AT WHICH THE PHYSICIAN STOPS THE PATIENT’S THERAPY WITH HEPATOTOXIC DRUGS

A

UP TO 3X ULN

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32
Q

[RATIO SUMMARY]
HALF LIFE OF AST AND ALT

A

AST < ALT

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33
Q

[RATIO SUMMARY]
LEVELS OF AST AND ALT IN LIVER DISEASES

A

AST < ALT

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34
Q

[RATIO SUMMARY]
DE RITIS RATIO

A

ALT:AST > 1 — ACUTE HEPATITIS
AST > ALT — ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS

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35
Q

[RATIO SUMMARY]
AST AND ALT LEVELS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CIRRHOSIS

A

AST > ALT

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36
Q

[RATIO SUMMARY]
AST AND ALT LEVELS IN LIVER NEOPLASIA

A

AST > ALT

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37
Q

WHY IS AST HIGHER THAN ALT IN CASES OF HEPATOCELLULAR CIRRHOSIS AND LIVER NEOPLASIA

A

BECAUSE HEPATOCYTES ARE SEVERELY DAMAGED
HEPATOCYTES HAVE HIGH AST ACTIVITY

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38
Q

[RATIO SUMMARY]
AST AND ALT LEVELS IN LIVER SPECIFICITY

A

AST < ALT

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39
Q

ENZYME CLASSIFICATION OF ALT

A

TRANSFERASE

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40
Q

EC CODE OF ALT

A

2.6.1.2

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41
Q

SYSTEMATIC NAME OF ALT

A

L-ALANINE-2-OXIDOGLUTARATE AMINOTRANSFERASE

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42
Q

RECOMMENDED NAME OF ALT

A

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE

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43
Q

COENZYME OF ALT

A

PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE

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44
Q

HALF LIFE OF AST

A

16 HRS

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45
Q

HALF LIFE OF ALT

A

24 HRS

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46
Q

PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE IS THE COENZYME OF WHICH LIVER ENZYMES

A

AST AND ALT

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47
Q

MAJOR TISSUE SOURCE OF ALT

A

LIVER (More specific than AST)
KIDNEY

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48
Q

MINOR TISSUE SOURCES OF ALT

A

HEART
SKELETAL MUSCLE

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49
Q

IN WHAT CLINICAL CONDITION IS AST MORE ELEVATED THAN ALT AND WHY

A

ACUTE HEPATOCELLULAR CIRRHOSIS
LIVER NEOPLASIA

HEPATOCYTES ARE SEVERELY DAMAGED
HEPATOCYTES HAVE HIGHER AST ACTIVITY

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50
Q

ARE ALT ELEVATIONS OBSERVED IN PATIENTS WHO ARE NON ALCOHOLIC AND ASYMPTOMATIC

A

YES

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51
Q

WHAT SCREENING PROCEDURE IS ALT USED IN

A

SCREENING FOR BLOOD DONORS
SCREENING POST TRANSFUSION (FOR POST TRANSFUSION HEPATITIS)

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52
Q

MILD ALT ELEVATIONS ARE FOUND IN WHAT CLINICAL CONDITIONS

A

HEPATITIS C INFECTIONS

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53
Q

WHAT ENZYME IS MORE SPECIFIC FOR THE LIVER

A

ALT

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54
Q

CHEMICAL REACTION OF ALT

A

ALANINE + A-KETOGLUTARATE <—ALT—> PYRUVATE + GLUTAMATE

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55
Q

[RATIO SUMMARY]
ENZYME ACTIVITY IN HEPATOCYTES

A

AST > ALT

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56
Q

ENZYME CLASSIFICATION OF ALP

A

HYDROLASE

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57
Q

EC CODE OF ALP

A

3.1.3.1

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58
Q

RECOMMENDED NAME OF ALP

A

ALKALINE PHOSPHATE

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59
Q

SYSTEMATIC NAME OF ALP

A

ALKALINE ORTHOPHOSPHERIC MONOESTER PHOSPHOHYDROLASE

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60
Q

OPTIMUM PH AT WHICH ALP FUNCTIONS

A

pH 9-10

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61
Q

MAJOR TISSUE SOURCES OF ALP

A

CANALICULAR MEMBRANE OF THE LIVER
OSTEOBLASTS IN THE BONE

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62
Q

MINOR TISSUE SOURCES OF ALP

A

MUCOSA OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBE OF THE KIDNEYS
PLACENTA

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63
Q

ISOFORMS OF ALP BASED ON GENETIC LOCUS

A

CHR 1 — KIDNEY, LIVER, BONE
CHR 2 — PLACENTA, INTESTINE

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64
Q

WHAT ALP TISSUE SOURCE IS CODED FOR BY CHROMOSOME 1

A

KIDNEY
LIVER
BONE

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65
Q

WHAT ALP TISSUE SOURCE IS CODED FOR BY CHROMOSOME 2

A

PLACENTA
INTESTINES

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66
Q

WHAT ARE THE NORMAL ISOENZYMES OF ALP

A

INTESTINAL
PLACENTAL
BONE AND LIVER

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67
Q

MOST PREDOMINANT ISOENZYME FRACTION OF ALP

A

BONE AND LIVER ALP

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68
Q

WHAT ARE THE ABNORMAL ISOENZYME FRACTIONS OF ALP

A

REGAN
NAGAO
KASHARA

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69
Q

WHAT ISOENZYME FRACTION RESULTS WHEN THERE IS AN ECTOPIC PRODUCTION OF ALP

A

REGAN

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70
Q

IN WHAT CONDITIONS IS THE REGAN FRACTION FOUND IN

A

LUNG, BREAST, COLON CANCERS
OVARIAN AND GYNECOLOGICAL CANCERS (HIGH INCIDENCE)

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71
Q

IN WHAT CONDITIONS DOES THE REGAN ISOENZYME FRACTION HAVE THE HIGHEST INCIDENCE IN

A

OVARIAN AND GYNECOLOGICAL CANCERS

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72
Q

MOST HEAT STABLE ALP ISOENZYME FORM

A

REGAN

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73
Q

WHAT HEAT CONDITION CAN THE REGAN FRACTION RESIST

A

UP TO 60C FOR 30 MINS

74
Q

WHAT ISOENZYME FORM IS A VARIANT OF THE REGAN FORM

75
Q

IN WHAT CONDITION IS THE NAGAO FORM FOUND IN

A

PLEURAL CANCER
(WITH NAGAO)

76
Q

IN WHAT CONDITIONS IS THE KASAHARA FORM FOUND ELEVATED IN

A

HEPATOMA
GIT TUMORS

77
Q

METHODS OF SEPARATING THE ALP ISOENZYMES

A

ELECTROPHORESIS
HEAT DENATURATION OR HEAT STABILITY TEST
CHEMICAL INHIBITION

78
Q

ELECTROPHORETIC ABILITY OF ALP FRACTIONS
(SLOWEST TO FASTEST TOWARDS THE ANODE)

A

INTESTINAL > PLACENTAL > BONE > MAJOR LIVER > A1

IPBMA

79
Q

SUB FRACTIONS OF THE ALP LIVER ISOENZYME

A

MAJOR LIVER
FAST/A1

80
Q

RESULTS OF HEAT DENATURATION OF ALP FRACTIONS
(LEAST TO MOST HEAT STABLE)

A

BONE > LIVER > INTESTINAL > PLACENTAL

BLIP

81
Q

HEAT CONDITIONS USED IN THE HEAT DENATURATION METHOD OF ALP

A

SERUM IS TREATED AT 56C FOR 10-15 MINS

82
Q

MOST HEAT STABLE NORMAL ISOENZYME OF ALP

83
Q

MOST HEAT STABLE ALP ISOENZYME (OUT OF ALL OF THEM)

84
Q

ALP FRACTIONS INHIBITED BY L-PHENYLALANINE

A

PLACENTAL
INTESTINAL
REGAN
NAGAO

(PIRN)

85
Q

ALP FRACTIONS INHIBITED BY LEVAMISOL

86
Q

ALP FRACTIONS INHIBITED BY L-HOMOARGININE

A

LIVER AND BONE

87
Q

WHAT CHEMICALS INHIBIT THE BONE AND LIVER ALPs

A

LEVAMISOL
L-HOMOARGININE

88
Q

ALP FRACTIONS INHIBITED BY 2M UREA

89
Q

ALP FRACTIONS INHIBITED BY L-LEUCINE

90
Q

ALP FRACTIONS INHIBITED BY 20% ETHANOL

A

DENATURES LIVER ALP MORE RAPIDLY THAN BONE ALP

91
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
2M UREA DENATURES BONE ALP MORE RAPIDLY THAN LIVER ALP

A

FALSE
20% ETHANOL DENATURES LIVER ALP MORE THAN BONE ALP

92
Q

CHEMICAL INHIBITORS OF ALP

A

L-PHENYLALANINE — Placental, intestinal, regan, nagao
LEVAMISOL — Bone and liver
L-HOMOARGININE — Bone and liver
2M UREA — Bone
L-LEUCINE — Nagao
20% ETHANOL — Denatures Liver ALP > Bone ALP

93
Q

PRONOUNCEED ELEVATION OF ALP

A

5 OR MORE X ULN

94
Q

MODERATE ELEVATION OF ALP

95
Q

SLIGHT ELEVATION OF ALP

A

UP TO 3X ULN

96
Q

CLINICAL CONDITIONS IN PRONOUNCED ELEVATION OF ALP
(5X OR MORE ULN)

A

BILIARY DUCT OBSTRUCTION
BILIARY CIRRHOSIS
PAGET’S DISEASE — OSTEOTITIS DEFORMANS
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
OSTEOGENIC CARCINOMA

97
Q

PAGET’S DISEASE IS ALSO REFERRED TO AS

A

OSTEOTITIS DEFORMANS

98
Q

CLINICAL CONDITIONS IN MODERATE ELEVATION OF ALP
(3-5X ULN)

A

GRANULOMATOUS OR INFLITRATIVE DISEASES OF LIVER
INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
METASTATIC TUMORS IN BONES
METABOLIC BONE DISEASES (RICKETS AND OSTEOMALACIA)

99
Q

CLINICAL CONDITIONS IN SLIGHT ELEVATIONS OF ALP
(UP TO 3X ULN)

A

VIRAL HEPATITIS
CIRRHOSIS
HEALING FRACTURES
PREGNANCY (3RD TRIMESTER UNTIL LABOR)
NORMAL GROWTH OF CHILDREN

100
Q

CLINICAL CONDITIONS IN DECREASED ALP LEVELS

A

HYPOPHOSPHATASIA

101
Q

CLINICAL CONDITIONS IN THE B1X FORM (BONE ALP ISOFORM)

A

DIALYSIS PATIENT SERUM (CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE)
LOW BONE MINERAL DISEASE (BMD)
BMD OF THE HIP

102
Q

SINCE REGAN IS A VARIANT OF NAGAO, CAN IT ALSO BE INHIBITED BY L-LEUCINE?

103
Q

IN THE HEAT DENATURATION OF ALP, IF >20% ACTIVITY REMAINS, THE ELEVATION IN ALP IS DUE TO WHAT ISOENZYME

104
Q

IN THE HEAT DENATURATION OF ALP, IF <20% ACTIVITY REMAINS, THE ELEVATION IN ALP IS DUE TO WHAT ISOENZYME

105
Q

WHY IS THERE NO ALP INCREASE IN INHERITED HYPOPHOSPHATASIA

A

BONE ALP IS ABSENT
THERE IS IMPAIRED MINERALIZATION AND CALCIFICATION

Recall: Osteoblasts are one of the main sources of ALP

106
Q

WHAT IS THE RATIONALE OF ALP BEING INCREASED IN CHILDREN

A

DUE TO THEIR EPIPHYSEAL PLATES BEING BROKEN DOWN

107
Q

WITHIN HOW MANY DAYS DOES ALP RETURN TO NORMAL LEVELS IN A PREGNANT PERSON

A

6 DAYS AFTER LABOR

108
Q

ENZYME CLASSIFICATION OF GGT

A

TRANSFERASES

109
Q

EC CODE OF GGT

110
Q

RECOMMENDED NAME OF GGT

A

GAMMA GLUTAMYL TRASNFERASE

111
Q

SYSTEMATIC NAME OF GGT

A

5-GLUTAMYL PEPTODE AMINO ACID-5-GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE

112
Q

CHEMICAL REACTION OF GGT

A

GLUTATHIONE + AMINO ACID <—> GLUTAMYL — PEPTIDE + L-CYSETINGLYCINE

113
Q

FUNCTIONS OF GGT

A

PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
REGULATION OF TISSUE GLUTATHIONE LEVELS
TRANSPORT OF AMINO ACIDS ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES

114
Q

WHAT ENZYME IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE REGULATION OF TISSUE GLUTATHIONE LEVELS

115
Q

MAJOR TISSUE SOURCES OF GGT

116
Q

MINOR (OTHER) TISSUE SOURCES OF GGT

A

LIVER — MOST PREDOMINANT IN SERUM
PROSTATE
PANCREAS — LEAST

117
Q

IN WHAT SPECIFIC PART OF THE LIVER IS GGT PRESENT IN

A

EPITHELIAL LINING OF THE BILIARY DUCTULES

118
Q

CLINICAL CONDITIONS IN WHICH GGT IS ELEVATED

A

HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS
ENZYME INDUCING DRUGS
ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS
ACUTE PANCREATITIS
PROSTATIC DISORDERS
DIABETES MELLITUS
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION — IF INCREASED AT THE 4TH DAY

119
Q

WHAT ENZYMES INCREASE THE MOST DUE TO BILIARY DESTRUCTION

120
Q

AMOUNT OF GGT INCREASE IN HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS

121
Q

GGT ENZYME-INDUCTING DRUGS

A

WARFARIN
PHENOBARBITAL
PHENYTOIN

122
Q

MOST SENSITIVE MARKER OF ALCOHOLISM

123
Q

RATIONALE OF GGT INCREASING IN DIABETES MELLITUS

A

GGT CONCENTRATIONS ARE FOUND IN THE PANCREAS
THE PANCREAS CONTAINS BETA CELLS
BETA CELLS ARE DESTROYED DUE TO TISSUE DAMAGE
THERE WILL BE A RELEASE OF GGT

124
Q

WHAT LEVEL OF GGT IS EXPECTED IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

125
Q

WHEN IS GGT INCREASED IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND WHAT IS THE RESULTING CONDITION

A

INCREASED BEYOND THE 4TH DAY
LIVER DAMAGE SECONDARY TO CARDIAC INSUFFICIENCY

126
Q

[ELEVATION SUMMARY]
GGT AND ALP IN SKELETAL DISORDERS

A

GGT — NORMAL
ALP — INCREASED

127
Q

[ELEVATION SUMMARY]
GGT AND ALP IN PREGNANCY

A

GGT — NORMAL
ALP — INCREASED

128
Q

[ELEVATION SUMMARY]
GGT AND ALP IN HEPATOBILIARY DISEASE

A

GGT — INCREASED
ALP — INCREASED

129
Q

[ELEVATION SUMMARY]
GGT AND ALP IN BONE FRACTURES

A

GGT — NORMAL
ALP — INCREASED

130
Q

IN WHAT CLINICAL CONDITION IS GGT NORMAL WHILE ALP IS INCREASED

A

SKELETAL DISORDERS
PREGNANCY
BONE FRACTURES

131
Q

IN WHAT CLINICAL CONDITION ARE BOTH GGT AND ALP INCREASED

A

HEPATOBILIARY DISEASES

132
Q

ENZYME CLASSIFICATION OF NTP

133
Q

EC CODE OF NTP

134
Q

SYSTEMATIC NAME OF NTP

A

5’-RIBONUCLEOTIDE PHOPSPHOHYDROLASE

135
Q

RECOMMENDED NAME OF NTP

A

5’ NUCLEOTIDASE

136
Q

3-5X ULN ELEVATION OF NTP IS SEEN IN WHAT CLINICAL CONDITION

A

HEPATOBILIARY DISEASES

137
Q

MODERATE ELEVATION OF NTP IS SEEN IN WHAT CLINICAL CONDITION

A

INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS

138
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
NTP INCREASES WHETHER THE CONDITION IS OF INTRA OR EXTRAHEPATOBILIARY ORIGIN

139
Q

IN WHAT CONDITION DOES ONLY ALP INCREASE

A

BONE DISORDERS

140
Q

IN WHAT CONDITION DOES ALP AND NTP INCREASE

A

LIVER DISEASES
PREGNANCIES ***

141
Q

ENZYME CLASSIFICATION OF GLD

A

OXIDOREDUCTASE

142
Q

EC CODE OF GLD

143
Q

RECOMMENDED NAME OF GLD

A

GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE

144
Q

SYSTEMATIC NAME OF GLD

A

L-GLUTAMATE:NAD(P) OXIDOREDUCTASE, DEAMINASE

145
Q

MAJOR TISSUE SOURCE OF GLD

146
Q

MODERATE SOURCES OF GLD

A

HEART MUSCLE
KIDNEYS

147
Q

MINOR (LEAST) TISSUE SOURCE OF GLD

A

BRAIN
SKELETAL MUSCLE
LEUKOCYTES

148
Q

GLD ELEVATION OF 4-5X ULN RESULTS IN WHAT CONDITION

A

CHRONIC HEPATITIS

149
Q

GLD ELEVATION OF 2X ULN RESULTS IN WHAT CONDITION

A

LIVER CIRRHOSIS

150
Q

GLD IS ELEVATED DUE TO WHAT DRUG

A

HALOTHANE
— AN INHALANT FOR GENERAL ANESTHESIA

151
Q

WHAT ENZYMES INCREASE IN SEVERE LIVER CELL DAMAGE

152
Q

ENZYME CLASSIFICATION OF GST

A

TRANSFERASES

153
Q

RECOMMENDED NAME OF GST

A

GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE

154
Q

EC CODE OF GST

155
Q

SYSTEMATIC NAME OF GST

A

GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE

156
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCES OF GST

A

ALPHA GST IS DISTRIBUTED IN THE LIVER ACINES
HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE
LIVER TRANSPLANTATION — CHECK FOR REJECTION

157
Q

ENZYME CLASSIFICATION OF CHE

A

HYDROLASES

158
Q

EC CODE OF CHE

159
Q

RECOMMENDED NAME OF CHE

A

CHOLINESTERASE

160
Q

SYSTEMATIC NAME OF CHE

A

ACETYLCHOLINE ACETYLHYDROLASE

161
Q

EC CODE OF PSEUDO CHE

162
Q

OTHER NAMES OF CHE

A

CHOLINESTERASE 1
TRUE CHOLINESTERASE
RED CELL CHOLINESTERASE

163
Q

TISSUE SOURCES OF CHE

A

RBCS
LUNGS
SPLEEN
NERVE ENDINGS
GRAY MATTER OF THE BRAIN

164
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE S OF CHE

A

INHIBITION OF NEUROTRANSMISSION
DETECTION OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS

165
Q

WHAT ENZYME IS USED TO INHIBIT NEUROTRANSMISSION

166
Q

WHAT IS THE CLINICAL CONDITION IN WHICH NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS CAUSE PROBLEMS WITH THE SPINE

A

SPINA BIFIDA

167
Q

WHAT IS THE CLINICAL CONDITION IN WHICH NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS CAUSE PROBLEMS WITH THE BRAIN

A

ANENCEPHALY

168
Q

SAMPLE USED TO TEST FOR NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS

A

AMNIOTIC FLUID

169
Q

OTHER NAMES OF PSEUDO CHE

A

PSEUDOCHOLINESTERASE
SERUM CHOLINESTERASE
BUTYRYLCHOLINESTERASE
CHOLINESTERASE

170
Q

TISSUE SOURCES OF PSEUDO CHE

A

LIVER
PANCREAS
HEART
WHITE MATTER OF THE BRAIN
SERUM

171
Q

WHAT IS THE ONZLY ENZYME THAT DECREASES IN THE PRESENCE OF A DISORDER

A

PSEUDO CHE

172
Q

ENZYME THAT IS A SENSITIVE INDICATOR OF LIVER SYNTHETIC CAPACTIY

A

PSEUDOCHOLINESTERASE

173
Q

ENZYME LEVELS OF PSEUDO CHE IN THE PRESENCE OF A DISORDER

174
Q

A 30-50% DECREASE IN PSEUDO CHE IS INDICATIVE OF WHAT CLINICAL CONDITION

A

ACUTE AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS

175
Q

A 50-70% DECREASE IN PSEUDO CHE IS INDICATIVE OF WHAT CLINICAL CONDITION

A

METASTATIC CARCINOMA
CIRRHOSIS

176
Q

CLINICAL CONDITION RELATED TO PSEUDOCHOLINESTERASE AND EXPOSURE TO INSECTICIDES

A

INSECTICIDE POISONING
ORGANOPHOSPHATE POISONING

177
Q

CHEMICAL INVOLVED IN INSECTICIDE POISONING

A

ORGANOPHOSPHATE POISONING

178
Q

INCREASE OF CHE IN PATIENTS LEAD TO WHT CLINICAL CONDITION

A

PROLONGED MUSCLE PARALYSIS

179
Q

WHAT IS KNOWN AS THE KISSING DISEASE

A

INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS

180
Q

HALLUCINATIONS DUE TO ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL

A

DELIRIUM TREMENS

181
Q

ENZYME USED TO STUDY LOW BONE MINERAL DISEASE

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 (10 decks)

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