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Pharmacology II > LEC 26 - Anti-Proazoals > Flashcards

LEC 26 - Anti-Proazoals Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the protozoas is reportable?

A

Leishmaniasis and babesiosis

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2
Q

What are the 8 protozoas that we are concerned with?

A

Giardia, trichomoniasis, babeiosis, leishmaniasis, EPM, Heptaozoonosis, toxoplasmosis, coccidiosis

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3
Q

What drugs can be used for giardia?

A

Benzimidozoles and nitroimidazoles

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4
Q

What drugs can be used for trichomoniasis?

A

Nitroimadazoles

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5
Q

What drugs can be used for babesiosis?

A

Diamidine derivatives, tetracyclines, azithromycin, and hydroxyquinolones

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6
Q

What drugs can be used for leishmaniasis?

A

Antimonial compounds

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7
Q

What drugs can be used for EPM?

A

Triazine derivatives and DHFR

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8
Q

What drugs can be used for hepatozoonosis?

A

Diamidine derivatives, Hydroxyquinolones, DHFR, and clindamycin

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9
Q

What drugs can be used for toxoplasmosis?

A

DHFR and Clindamycin

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10
Q

What drugs can be used for coccidiosis?

A

Hydroxyquinolones, DHFR, Halofugione, Amprolium, Sulfoamides, ionophores, and robenidine

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of giardia?

A

Infection from contaminated food/water. Two life stages that interfere with absorption in the lumen of the small intestine.

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12
Q

What are the animals infected by giardia?

A

Dogs, Cats, Horses, and Cattle

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13
Q

What animals are benzimidazoles used to treat giardia?

A

Dogs, cats, and cattle

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14
Q

What animals are bitroimidazoles used to treat giardia?

A

Dogs, cats, and horses

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15
Q

How do benziimidazoles works?

A

Inihibit microtubule formation. Kills trophozoites.

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16
Q

What are the three types of benzimidazoles?

A

Febental (dogs/cats), Albendazole (dogs/cattle), and Fenbendazole (dogs/cats/cattle)

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17
Q

How do nitroimidazoles work?

A

Prodrugs producing cytotoxic metabolites.

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18
Q

What are the three nitrooimidazoles?

A

Metronidazole, Tinidazole, and Ronidazole

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19
Q

What is the absorption of nitroimidazoles like?

A

Good BA with PO adminstration

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20
Q

Where does metronidazole distribute to?

A

Extensively, even goes to the bone and hte brain

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21
Q

Where are nitroimidazoles metabolized?

A

Liver

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22
Q

Where is nitroimidazoles eliminated from?

A

Bile

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23
Q

What is the protocol for nitroimidazole use in food animals?

A

PROHIBITED

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24
Q

What is the reason behind the prohibition of mitroimidazoles in food animals?

A

Mutagenic/carcinogenic potential

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25
Q

Which nitroimidazoles are used to treat dogs with giardia?

A

Metronidazole, tinidazole, and ronidazole

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26
Q

Which nitroimidazoles are used to treat cats with giardia?

A

Metronidazole and tinidazole

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27
Q

What causes trichomoniasis?

A

trichomonas foetis

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28
Q

What are the symptoms of trichomonoiasis in cats?

A

Large bowel diarrhea. Self-limiting but can take up to 2 years to clear from the cat.

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29
Q

What is the DOC for trichomonoiasis in cats?

A

Ronidazole

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30
Q

What is the route of transmission of trichomonias in cattle?

A

Sexual intercourse

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31
Q

What is infection like in cattle with trichomonias?

A

Bulls - persistently infected and normally culled. Cows are self-limiting.

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32
Q

What are the four possible diseases with trypanosomiasis?

A

Chagas, Surram, Dourine, and Nagana

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33
Q

Which of the four trypanosomias is endemic to the western hemisphere?

A

Chagas disease

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34
Q

What is the infectious organism in Chagas disease?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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35
Q

What is the vector for chagas disease?

A

Reduviid bugs

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36
Q

What animals does chagas disease infect?

A

Puppies and kittens. No approved therapy in the US.

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37
Q

What is babesiosis transmitted by?

A

Ticks

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38
Q

What is the main action to prevent babesiosis infections?

A

Tick prevention

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39
Q

How does babesiosis cause disease?

A

Pathogenic stages infect RBC’s, which are then destroyed by immune attack

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40
Q

What are the symptoms seen with babesiosis?

A

Anemia, Splenomegaly, Depression, and Anorexia

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41
Q

What are the three types of babesiosis that infects dogs?

A

Canis, Gibsoni, and Conradae

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42
Q

What is the approve therapy for dogs with babeosisi?

A

Azithromycin and atovaquone (hydroxyquinolone)

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43
Q

What is another name for babeosis in cattle?

A

Texas fever

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44
Q

What are the babesia that infect cattle?

A

Bigemina

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45
Q

Which of the babesia are reportable?

A

B. bidemina

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46
Q

What is the mechanism of imidocarb diproprionate?

A

DNA Denaturing agent

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47
Q

How is imidocarb diproprionate adminstered?

A

IM or SC

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48
Q

How is imidocarb diproprionate excreted?

A

Urine (up to 1.5 days) and Feces (for up to 10 days)

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49
Q

What are the adverse effects of imidocarb diproprionate?

A

Injection site pain/inflammation, cholinergic signs, and renal tubular/hepatic necrosis

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50
Q

What is the mechanism by which atovaquone works?

A

Electron transport chain inhibitor

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51
Q

How is atovaquone absorbed.

A

Doubled when given with fatty meal

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52
Q

How is atovaquone distributed in the body?

A

Significant binding to plasma proteins

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53
Q

How is cryptosporidiosis transmitted?

A

Contaminated water

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54
Q

What is the pathogenic stage of cryptosporidium?

A

Schizonts

55
Q

What crypto infects ruminants?

A

C. Parvum

56
Q

How old are ruminants when they are susceptible to C. Parvum?

A

5 to 35 days

57
Q

What are the signs in food animals when infected by C. Parvum?

A

Anorexia, weight-loss, diarrhea, and tenesmus

58
Q

What are the signs in cats/dogs when infected by crypto?

A

None for the most part.

59
Q

What are the treatments for food animals infected with crypto?

A

Supportive, halofuginone reduces shedding

60
Q

What drug is used in both dogs and cats to treat a crypto infection?

A

Paromomycin sulfact

61
Q

What is the side effect to paromomycin use in dogs and cats?

A

AKI, cataracts, and deafness

62
Q

What drug is used in cats with crypto infection?

A

Nitazoxanide

63
Q

What are the side effects to Niazoxanide in cats?

A

Severe vomiting and diarrhea

64
Q

What does Niaoxanide do to crypto in cats? What reverses this effect?

A

Induces carrier state, reactivated by cortiocosteroid treatment

65
Q

What are the two forms of leshmaniasis?

A

Visceral and cutaneous

66
Q

What type of lesmania is seen in the US?

A

Leishmania infantum

67
Q

How is leishmania treated in the US?

A

Since it is a reportable disease you must contact the CDC. The CDC once notified will then bring the drugs to you. The drugs are meglumine antimoniate and sodium atibogluconate.

68
Q

How do the leishmania drugs work?

A

Inhibit leishmania nucleotide synthesis, topoisomerases, and phosphofructokinase

69
Q

What causes EPM?

A

Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi

70
Q

What type of host is a horse to EPM pathogens?

A

Dead-end, intermediate host. Therefore they can not spread the disease once infected.

71
Q

How does transmission of EPM occur?

A

Consumption of food or water contaminated with feces of definitive host

72
Q

What is the most common sign of EPM?

A

Asymmetric ataxia

73
Q

What is the most common sign of EPM?

A

Asymmetric ataxia

74
Q

What is the FDA approved method of treating EPM?

A

Ponazuril or diclazuril +/- sulfadiazine pyrimethamine

75
Q

What EPM treatment is currently under review?

A

Decoquinate + levamisole

76
Q

What tends to be the prognosis of EPM?

A

Tend to relapse. If this is the case there is no protocol for treatment. Tend to just add another anti-protozoal drug to the treatment.

77
Q

What are the two thiazine derivatives?

A

Ponazuril and Diclazuril

78
Q

How do thiazine derivatives work?

A

Interfere with apicoplast function needed for FA synthesis, AA synthesis, and starch storage.

79
Q

What are the adverse effects of ponazuril?

A

Blisters, rash, diarrhea, mild colic, and seizures

80
Q

What are the adverse effects of ponazuril?

A

Blisters, rash, diarrhea, mild colic, and seizures

81
Q

What are the side effects of diclazuril?

A

None reported

82
Q

Which of the thiazine derivatives has the better BA?

A

Ponazuril (30%)

83
Q

What animals are infected by hepatozoonosis?

A

Dogs + Coyotes

84
Q

What causes hepatozoonosis?

A

Hepatozoon Americanum

85
Q

What is the cause of transmission of hepatozoonosis?

A

Ingestion of infective oocysts in ticks or paratenic hosts.

86
Q

What are the pathogenic stages of hepatozoonosis?

A

Schizonts and gamonts

87
Q

What are the signs of a hepatozoonotic infection?

A

Severe neutrophilic lymphocytosis. Marked joint pain associated with myositis and periosteal proliferation.

88
Q

What is the main treatment for hepatozoonosis?

A

Tick prevention

89
Q

What is the drug protocols for hepatozoonosis?

A

Sulfadiazine-trimehtoprim + clindamycin + pyrimethamine/ Imidocarb proprionate, decoquinate

90
Q

What is decoquinate used for specifically when it comes to hepatozoonosis?

A

Stand-alone to prolong remission following treatment

91
Q

What is neosporosis caused by?

A

Neospora caninum

92
Q

How is neosporosis transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral

93
Q

What is the definitive host for neosporosis?

A

Dogs

94
Q

What are the signs of a neosporosis infection?

A

Enchepalomyelitis, myositis, neuromuscular (stiffness, atrophy, paresis, paralysis, and dysphagia)

95
Q

What are the intermediate hosts for neosporsis?

A

Dogs, Cattle, Sheep, Horses, and Deer

96
Q

What are the infective agents in neospora?

A

Tissue cysts

97
Q

What are the infective agents in neospora?

A

Tissue cysts

98
Q

What are the signs of a neosporosis infection?

A

Abortions

99
Q

What are the treatments for neosporosis in cattle?

A

All prevention. Keep dogs out of cattle feed. Stop dogs from ingesting placentas or fetuses from abortions

100
Q

What are the treatments for dogs with neosporosis?

A

Sulfadiazine-trimethoprim + pyrimethamine, clindamycin, clindamycin followed by first two

101
Q

What is the treatment prognosis of neosporosis in dogs?

A

Does not eliminate tissue cysts. Slows the progression of the disease. Should be started before extensor rigidity occurs.

102
Q

What is the infectious agent in toxoplasmosis?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

103
Q

Where in the body does toxoplasmosis live?

A

GI tract

104
Q

What is the definitive host of toxoplasma?

A

Felids

105
Q

What are the intermediate hosts for toxoplasma?

A

Any mammal

106
Q

How is toxoplasma transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral or ingestion of tissue cyts

107
Q

How long do cats shed toxoplasma?

A

Shed oocytes occurs 3 to 21 days following infection

108
Q

How long do toxoplasma oocytes survive in the environment?

A

Months to years, resistant to most disinfectants

109
Q

What are the signs of a toxoplasma infection in a healthy, adult cat?

A

Diarrhea, though any signs are rare

110
Q

What is the differiential for a toxoplasmosis infection in dogs?

A

Neosporosis

111
Q

What is the differiential for a toxoplasmosis infection in dogs?

A

Neosporosis

112
Q

What does theileriosis infect?

A

Ruminants

113
Q

What is the thelieriosis found in the US?

A

T. Mutans

114
Q

What is the vector for thelieriosis?

A

Ticks

115
Q

What causes coccidiosis in ruminants and some brids?

A

Eimeria

116
Q

What causes coccidiosis in dogs, cats, and pigs?

A

Isospora

117
Q

How is coccidiosis transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral and consumption of rodents

118
Q

What can pre-dispose an animal to coccidiosis infection?

A

High density housing and shipping stress

119
Q

What are the clinical signs to a coccidiosis infection?

A

Diarrhea +/- blood, dehydration, poor production, can be fatal in young animals

120
Q

Which of the coccidiosis is self-limiting?

A

Eimeria

121
Q

How is coccidiosis prevented?

A

Sanitatoin is most important. Keep food seperate from housing, and do not feed raw meet.

122
Q

What two drugs that are used in coccidiosis infections compete with AA synthesis? Which AA’s?

A

Amprolium (Thiamine) and Robenidine (Guanine)

123
Q

What are the adverse effects of amprolium?

A

Thiamine deficiency, depression, anorexia, diarrhea, neurological signs

124
Q

Coccidiosis drug treatment in what species: Amprolium

A

All

125
Q

Coccidiosis drug treatment in what species: Decoquinate

A

Ruminants and birds

126
Q

Coccidiosis drug treatment in what species: Declazuril

A

Birds

127
Q

Coccidiosis drug treatment in what species: Robendine

A

Birds

128
Q

Coccidiosis drug treatment in what species: Halofuginone

A

Birds

129
Q

Coccidiosis drug treatment in what species: Ionophore antibiotics

A

Ruminants/birds (monensin, lasalocid) and Birds (maduramicin, narasin, semduramicin, salinomycin)

130
Q

Coccidiosis drug treatment in what species:Sulfadimethoxine

A

Ruminants and birds

131
Q

What is used to treat coccidiosis infections in dogs and cats?

A

Sulfadimethoxine + ormetoprim, sulfadiazine + trimethoprim, and sulfadimethozine

132
Q

Which of the protozoa are reportable?

A

Leishmania, B. bigemina,

133
Q

Which of the protozoa are zoonotic?

A

T. Gondii, N. Caninum, Leishmania, C. parvum, Trypanosomiasis, Giardia

Pharmacology II (20 decks)

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