Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology II > LEC 21 - Antifungal Agents > Flashcards

LEC 21 - Antifungal Agents Flashcards

1
Q

What is the target of the azoles?

A

Lanoesterol to Ergosterol synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What fungi is Griseofulvin used for?

A

Microsporum

Trichophyton

(Dermatophytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What drugs are added along with Nystatin in Panalog?

A

Thiostrepton

Polypeptide antibiotic

Triamicinolone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the specific mechanism by which Terbinafine works?

A

Inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol

Does so by blocking the enzyme squalene monoxygenase therefore inhibiting the conversion of squalene to sterols

Accumulation of toxic intermediate squalene occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are azoles distributed throughout the body?

A

Tissues with high lipid content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is clortrimazole or Miconazole given?

A

Topically for treatment of yeast or dermatophyte infections

Nasal infustion for nasal aspergillosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is terbinafine used to treat birds?

A

Systemic mycotic infections

(ie. aspergillosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What adverse effects are seen with Amphotericin B?

A

Renal toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is posaconazole used for?

A

Otic + oral preperations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is Amphotericin B eliminated?

A

Biphasic

65% excreted unchanged

20% urine

45% feces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is Natamycin used in horses?

A

DOC for fungal keratitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two anti-fingal drugs that do not target the cell wall/membrane?

A

Griseofulvin

Flucytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Polyenes (3)

A

Amphotericin B

Nystatin

Natamyscin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is the action of Griseofulvin so slow?

A

Infected cells are shed and replaced with uninfected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When is terbinafine fungistatic?

A

yeast infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which azole is best at reaching the cerbropinal fluid?

A

Fluconazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fungus susceptible to Amphotericin B - (5)

A

Systemic mycoses

Aspergillus

Blastomyces

Coccidioides

Cryptococcus

Histoplasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What fungi does Azoles work against? (4)

A

Blastomyces

Coccidioides

Cryptococcus

Histoplasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the target of Griseofulvin?

A

Microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What animals is Amphotericin B used in?

A

Dogs

Cats

Horses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does renal toxicity occur due to Amphotericin B?

A

Causes renal vasoconstriction

Decreased GFR

Damage to tubular epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the adverse side effects of flucytosine?

A

Mild GI upset

Rarely - Bone marrow suppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where does griseofulvin distribute?

A

Precursor cells of skin, hair shafts, and nails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is terbinafine adminstered?

A

Oral or Topically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Azoles (6)

A

Ketoconazole

Fluconazole

Clotrimazole

MIconazole

Itraconazole

Posaconazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What fungi does Terbinafine not reach the appropriate MIC?

A

Sporothrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How is Nystatin used in poultry?

A

Feed-additive to prevent crop mycosis + mycotic diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How are azoles absorbed?

A

With food that stimualtes bile flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why is fluconazole + itraconazole more likely to be choosen for systemic mycoses infections?

A

longer half lives

Greater activity

Lower toxicity

30
Q

How is terbinafine used in dogs and cats?

A

Dermatophytic infections

31
Q

How is terbinafine metabolized and excreted?

A

Metabolized in the liver (demethylated + deaminated + Dealkylated)

Excreted into the urine

32
Q

Where does terbinafine distribute?

A

Skin and into sebum

33
Q

How is ketoconazole given?

A

Orally, BID

for 3 to 6 months when used for systemic infections

34
Q

How are the azoles metabolized?

A

Microsomal enzymes (CYP450) of the liver

Excreted in the bile

35
Q

How does terbinafine move through the body?

A

99% is attached to albulmin

36
Q

Other anti-fungal agents that do not belong in specific groupings (3)

A

Terbinafine

Griseofulvin

Flucytosine

37
Q

How can you increase the absorption of griseofulvin?

A

High fat foods

38
Q

What are the three groups of anti-fungal drugs?

A

Polyenes

Azoles

Others….

39
Q

How is flucytosine given?

A

Orally

3 to 4 times a day

minimum of 4 weeks

40
Q

How does terbinafine differ from azoles in regards to metabolism?

A

Does not block cytochrome P450 enzymes

41
Q

What is the specific mechanism of action for Griseofulvin?

A

Binds to microtubules of certain fungi and destroys the mitotic spindle structure

42
Q

How is fluconazole and itraconazole administered?

A

Oral or IV to dogs + Cats for systemic mycoses

Given for 1 to 3 months

43
Q

What is the half life of Amphotericin B?

A

24 to 48 hours

1 to 2 weeks

***remember it is biphasic

44
Q

When is terbinafine fungicidal?

A

Dermatophyte infectiosn

45
Q

What is the target of terbinafine?

A

Squalene to Squalene epoxide synthesis

46
Q

What are the adverse effects of the azoles?

A

Vomiting, Diarrhea in cats

47
Q

What is the target of Echinocandins?

A

B-glucan synthase

48
Q

What are the adverse effects of Nystatin + Natamycin?

A

Rare

GI upset

49
Q

What animals is giseofulvin used in?

A

Dogs

Cats

Horses

50
Q

What is the topical treatment of choice for canidia + aspergillus when it comes to the azoles?

A

Clortimazole

Miconazole

Dermatophyte infections as well

51
Q

What fungi do Nystatin + Natamycin work against?

A

Candida

Malassezia

52
Q

How is Nystatin + Natamycin administered?

A

Topically to eye + ear + skin

Orally for mucosal infections of mouth + GI tract

53
Q

What are the adverse effects of griseofulvin?

A

Leukopenia + anemia in kittnes

Teratogenic in pregnant cats

54
Q

What is ketoconazole used for?

A

Dogs + Cats + Horses + Birds

Systemic mycoses + severe yeast infections

55
Q

What situation is flucytosine used alone for treatment?

A

Aspergillosis + Candia infections in some birds

56
Q

What is the exact mechanism of action for polyene agents?

A

Interaction with sterol of fungal membrane (Ergosterol) resulting in the loss of intracellular components

= Pore formation

57
Q

Where is griseofulvin stored?

A

Growing keratin cell producing skin + hair + horn

58
Q

How is griseofulvin adminstered?

A

orally BID in dogs and cats

orally SID for horses

59
Q

How is griseofulvin aborbed?

A

25% to 70%

60
Q

Where is flucytosine distributed?

A

Well distributed, includes the CNS

61
Q

What is flucytosine FUNGICIDAL against?

A

Cryptococcus

Canidida

Aspergillus

62
Q

How is Amphotericin B adminstered?

A

Diluted in 5% dextrose + given IV

63
Q

How is Nystatin absorbed and excreted?

A

Not absorbed well

Excreted in feces

64
Q

What is the specific mechanism of action for flucytosine?

A

Metabolic antagonism of fungal DNA + RNA

Converted to 5-fluorouracil which interferes with fungal DNA/RNA synthesis

65
Q

How is flucytosine metabolized and excreted?

A

Unchanged

Excreted in urine

66
Q

What is Amphotericin B mixed with to reduce toxicity?

A

Ketoconazole

Fluconazole

Itraconazole

67
Q

What specific enzyme does flucytosine inhibit?

A

Thymidylate synthase

68
Q

When is flucytosine combined with amphotericin B?

A

Treatment of cryptococcus in dogs + cats

69
Q

What physiological condition in cats and dogs can be treated with Ketoconazole?

A

Hyperadrenocorticism

70
Q

What is amphotericin B mixed with to get into CNS, bone, or ocular infections?

A

Flucytosine

71
Q

What is the specific mechanism of action when it comes to Azoles?

A

Inhibits synthesis of ergosterol

Leads to depletion of ergosterol in cell membrane + accumulation of toxic intermediates

Increases membrane permeability + inhibition of fungal growth

Pharmacology II (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions