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Pharmacology II > LEC 1 - Hypothalamic + Pituitary Hormones > Flashcards

LEC 1 - Hypothalamic + Pituitary Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What seven hormones are released from the anterior pit.?

A

ACTH

GH
TSH

PRL
FSH

LH

MSH

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2
Q

What hormones are secreted from the posterior pit.?

A

ADH

Oxytocin

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3
Q

What is the structure that is responsible for stimulating the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

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4
Q

What does the hypothalamus integrate the activities of?

A

Endocrine + Nervous

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5
Q

What is the endocrine system regulated by?

A

Pituitary

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6
Q

What is the nervous system regulated by when it comes to the hypothalmus?

A

Kidney

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7
Q

What is the major difference between anterior and posterior pituitary stimulation?

A

Posterior is directly stimulated by the hypothalamus

Anterior is stimulated by hormones released by the hypothlamus

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8
Q

What two nuclei are responsible for stimulating the posterior pituitary?

A

Supraoptic

– and –

Paraventricular

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9
Q

What artery carries the hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary?

A

Superior hypophyseal artery

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10
Q

-physis: Pituitary gland

A

Hypophysis

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11
Q

-physis: Anterior pituitary

A

Adenohypophysis

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12
Q

-physis: Posterior pituitary

A

Neurohypophysis

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13
Q

What is the adenohypophysis derived from?

A

Oral mucosa

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14
Q

What is the neurohypophysis derived from?

A

Nerual ectoderm

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15
Q

What are the two types of regulatory loops when it comes to regulation of hormones?

A

Long

and

Short

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16
Q

What makes something a short regulatory loop?

A

Hormone secreted by the pituitary (or goal hormone) is what negative regulates the hypothalamus

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17
Q

What makes something a long regulatory loop?

A

A downstream by product of the hormone released is what negatively regulates the hypothalamus

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18
Q

Term: Peptide hormones (Types?)

A

Chains of AA

Glycoproteins

Short polypeptides/small proteins

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19
Q

What are important glycoproteins?

A

TSH + LH + FSH

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20
Q

What are important short polypeptides?

A

ADH

Oxytocin

GH

Prolactin

Insulin

Glucagon

PTH

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21
Q

What are the ways that the peptide hormones work to induce changes in cells?

A

effect cAMP levels

effect Ca2+ levels

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22
Q

How are cAMP levels affected by peptide hormones?

A

Stimulate G protein

cAMP is stimulated/inhibited

Affect Kinase levels

Ion channels/Enzymes

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23
Q

What hormones of importants effect cAMP levels?

A

ADH

FSH

LH

TSH

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24
Q

How do hormones effect the cell in a way that calicum levels change?

A

Activate G protein receptor

PLC > DAG > PKC

Open calcium channel

Calmodulin activated

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25
Q

What hormone works by changing the calcium levels in the cell?

A

Oxytocin

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of hormones that work through surface receptors?

A

Fast acting

Pathways are already present, just increasing or decreasing activity

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27
Q

Term: Lipid dermivatives (Types?)

A

Carbon rings and side chains

Built from FA’s or cholesterol

Eicosanoids + Steroid

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28
Q

What are the important eicosanoids?

A

Prostaglandins

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29
Q

What are eicosanoids derivatives of?

A

Arachodonic acid

30
Q

What are steroids derivatives of?

A

Cholesterol

31
Q

What are the important steroid hormones?

A

Androgens

Estrogens

Progestins

32
Q

How do lipid hormones activate changes in the cell?

A

Diffusion through the membrane

Bind to cytoplasmic receptors

Go to nucleus and cause transcription of new protein

33
Q

What are the characteristics of steroid hormones?

A

Induce signals slowly, because creating new signaling pathways

Since different cells have different concentrations of receptors some will take longer to react then others

34
Q

Term: AA derivatives (Types?)

A

Small molecules structurally related to individual AA’s

Tyrosine + Tryptophan

35
Q

What is thyroid hormone made form?

A

Tyrosine

36
Q

What are the signs a dog has diabetes insipidus?

A

Diluted urine

Normal glucose + creatine levels in urine

Increased hematocrit

PU/PD

37
Q

What are the two froms of DI? Whats wrong in each case?

A

Central - No ADH

Nephrogenic - Kidneys not responding to ADH

38
Q

How does ADH regulate water excretion?

A

Induces aquaporin 2 in the collecting duct

39
Q

What is the mechanism by which aquaporin is inserted into the collecting duct?

A

ADH stimulates G protien

Increase cAMP

PKA stimulated

Vesciles taken to membrane

**Aquaporin-3 always expressed

40
Q

What type of hormone is vasopressin?

A

Peptide

41
Q

What are the types of vasopressin?

A

AVP

LVP (pigs)

DDAVP (drug form)

42
Q

Characteristics of LVP

A

From pigs

so shorter duration and smaller response in cats, dogs, and horses

43
Q

Characteristics of DDAVP

A

Modified structure to increase response and duration

L-ARG changed to D-ARG

Extra tail of AA added

44
Q

What is the purpose of desmopressin?

A

Endogenous vasopressing replacement

45
Q

In what form is DDAVP given?

A

Nasal spray

Not well tollerated in this method by animals

So given in conjunctiva - varies between animal

Dose to effect

46
Q

When is the injectable form of DDAVP given?

A

when conjunctival isn’t tolerated

47
Q

Why can oral tablets be given for DDAVP?

A

Hydrolysis of peptide, doesnt work well

48
Q

What is the peak effect time in dogs for DDAVP? What is the duration of action?

A

peak = 2 to 6 hours

Duration = 10 to 27 hours

49
Q

What is the major side effect of DDAVP?

A

Increase Factor VIII + vWF

Cause a hypercoagulable state = thormbotic events

50
Q

What causes acromegaly?

A

Increased endogenous GH secretion secondary to an active pituitary adenoma

51
Q

What are the signs of acromegaly?

A

Systolic cardiac murmur

Hepatomegaly/Renomegaly

PU/PD

Polyphagia w/ weight gain

Diabetic but unresponsive to insulin

52
Q

Why is there a diabetogenic effect of GH?

A

GH stimulates liver to break down glcogen into glucose

Fuesl growth effects

53
Q

How does GH have glucose sparing effect?

A

Stimulates adipose cells to break down stored fat

Fueling growth effects

54
Q

What are the two methods to inhibit GH secretion?

A

Decrease levels of GH-RH

Increase levels of GH-IH

55
Q

What is released by the liver that causes the growth effects that is stimulated by GH?

A

IGF-1

56
Q

Why can’t we increase IGF-1 levels to inhibit GH expression?

A

Would promote hypoglycemia

57
Q

What is the drug used to treat acromegaly?

A

Octreotide

58
Q

What is octreotide? Type and mechanism

A

Synthetic, 8aa

Exogenously increases the amount of GH-IH

results in decrease in amount of circulating GH

59
Q

How so octreotide aborbed and processed?

A

SC admin

Rapidly absorbed

Need to adjust if patient has renal disease

60
Q

What is the drug used to increase milk production in cattle?

A

Somatotropin

61
Q

What are the other uses for somatotropin other than milk production?

A

Increase growth rate + improved meat quality in pigs

Increased lean to fat ratio in beef cattle

Pituitary dwarfism in dogs

62
Q

What type of hormone is somatropin?

A

peptide

63
Q

How does somatotropin effect metabolic function?

A

Increased fat utilization by organs

Increased glycogen hydrolysis

Increased glucose avalible for milk

64
Q

What does somatropin do in regards to mammary glands? How?

A

GH > Liver > IGF -1

Increases blood flow (via increased CO)

Increased nutrient extraction

65
Q

What is the reason for variability in output with milk in cows treated with somatotropin?

A

Primiparous cows < multiparous cows

Ambient temps

Feed

66
Q

What is the reaons for a cow to have ketogensis?

A

Increase engergy demands for lactation not met by diet

Increase utilization of NEFA + conversion to BHB

Enter starvation state reduces production

67
Q

How can GH reduce ketosis?

A

Direct effect of decreasign BCS through increased lipolysis/glucose-sparing

Indirect through better feed management

68
Q

How is somatotropin given?

A

every 14 days

depot preparation

69
Q

What is the withdrawl time for somatotropin?

A

0 day

70
Q

What are the adverse effects of somatotropin?

A

Mastitis + Laminitis

DM + Acromegaly in Dogs

Increased rate of twinning

Pharmacology II (20 decks)

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