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Pharmacology II > LEC 22 - Anti-Cestodals > Flashcards

LEC 22 - Anti-Cestodals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five basic mechanisms that anti-parasitic agents use?

A

Neurotoxins, DNA inhibitors, Metabolic inhibitors, Protein synthesis inhibitors, Membrane inhibitors, and Development inhibitors

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2
Q

Which of the five mechanisms are used against Helminths?

A

Neurotoxins and Metabolic inhibitors

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3
Q

Which of the five mechanisms are used against external parasites?

A

Neurotoxins and Development inhibitors

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4
Q

Which of the five mechanisms are used against protozoa?

A

DNA inhibitors, Metabolic inhibitors, Protein synthesis inhibitors, and developmental inhibitors

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5
Q

What are the eight drug classes used as anti-helminthic drugs?

A

Isoquinolones, Chorsulon, Benzamidizoles, Piperazines, Imidathiazoles, Tetrahydropyrimidines, Macrocyclic lactones, and arsenicals

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6
Q

What are the three types of helminths?

A

Cestodes, Trematodes, and Nematodes

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7
Q

What types of drugs kill cestodes?

A

Isoquinolones

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8
Q

What types of drugs kill Trematodes?

A

Chorsulon and Benzamidizoles

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9
Q

What types of drugs kill Nematodes?

A

Benzamidizoles, Piperazines, Imidathiazoles, Tetrahydropyrimidines, and Macrocyclic lactones

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10
Q

What does arsenicals kill specifically?

A

D. Immitis

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11
Q

What is the basic anatomy of a tape worm?

A

Each segment has everything that it needs to reproduce

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12
Q

What is the method which is approved in cattle to kill tapeworm?

A

None

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13
Q

What are the two isoquinolones?

A

Praziquantal and epsiprantal

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14
Q

What are the two types of benzamidazoles?

A

Albendazole and Fenbendazole

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15
Q

What are the indications for praziquantel?

A

All tape worms in cats, dogs, and horses.

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16
Q

What is the pharmodynamic process for praziquantel?

A

Altered intracellular homeostasis, causes direct/indirect disruption of cellular metabolism, causing tenanic paralysis/tegumentary breakdown, causing host response, leading to dead tapeworm

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17
Q

How is praziquantel administered?

A

PO + IM + SC

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18
Q

How well is praziquantel absorbed?

A

Completely absorbed by the PO route

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19
Q

What is the BA of praziquantel?

A

Poor, due to first pass metabolism by liver

20
Q

Where does praziquantel distribute within the body?

A

All throughout

+ CNS

21
Q

How is praziquantel metabolized?

A

The metabolites produced are biologically active

22
Q

How is praziquantel eliminated?

A

Urine, t1/2 = 3 hours

23
Q

What are the adverse effects of praziquantel?

A

None, 5x the highest treatment dose is when it becomes toxic

24
Q

What is the use of Epsiprantel in dogs?

A

Dipylidium caninum and Taenia pisiformis

25
Q

What is the use of Epsiprantel in cats?

A

Dipylidium caninum and Taenia taeniaeformis

26
Q

How is epsiprantel adminstered?

A

PO

27
Q

How well is epsiprantel absorbed?

A

Very poorly absorbed

28
Q

How is epsiprantel distributed/metabolized?

A

Not distributed or absorbed. Eliminated in the feces

29
Q

How does epsiprantel work on cestodes?

A

Direct uptake of drug by the parasite, the host doesn’t transfer the drug to the parasite like most of the other drugs

30
Q

How do immature flukes move through out the body?

A

Penetrate GI and traverse peritoneum to liver (4 days). Migrate through liver and feed on tissue causing damage. Penetrates main bile ducts (~ 8 weeks).

31
Q

What bacteria can immature flukes introduce into the blood stream?

A

Clostridium novyi

32
Q

How long does it take flukes to mature?

A

~ 10 to 12 weeks

33
Q

What pathologies do mature flukes cause?

A

Biliary hyperplasia and progressive occlusion

34
Q

When can chorsulon be used in the fluke life cylce?

A

AFTER 8 weeks post infection

35
Q

What is the chorsulon used for?

A

Fasciola spp. in cattle and sheep

36
Q

What is ivomec plus?

A

Chorsulon and ivermectin. Covers nematodes and flukes

37
Q

How does chorsulon work?

A

Stops glycolysis by inhibiting phosphoglyceromutase and phosphoglycerate kinase

38
Q

How is chorsulon adminstered?

A

PO and SC

39
Q

What is the BA for chorsulon?

A

55 to 60%

40
Q

What special considerations do you have to make when using chorsulon SC?

A

Only effective 10 weeks post infection

41
Q

How is chorsulon distributed throughout the body?

A

Remains in vasculature (75% in serum and 25% bound RBC)

42
Q

What does chorsulon bind to within RBCs?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

43
Q

How is chorsulon eliminated?

A

Unmetabolized, parent drug eliminated in urine

44
Q

When can albendazole work?

A

12+ weeks post-infection

45
Q

What is albendazole used for?

A

F. hepatica in cattle

46
Q

What is febendazole used for?

A

F. gigatica in sheep

Pharmacology II (20 decks)

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