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Pharmacology II > LEC 11-13 - Behavioral Drugs > Flashcards

LEC 11-13 - Behavioral Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

TCA’s (4)

A

Amitriptyline

Clomipramine

Doxepin

Imipramine

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2
Q

SSRI’s (5)

A

Fluoxetine

Proxetine

Sertraline

Citalopram

Fluvoxamine

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3
Q

CNS Stimulatents (2)

A

Amphetamine

Methyphenidate

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4
Q

Phenothiazines (2)

A

Acepromazine

Chlorpromazine

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5
Q

Other Behavioral Drugs (4)

A

Trazodone

Mirtazepine

Buspirone

Selegiline

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6
Q

Anticonvulsants (10)

A

Phenobarbital

Pentobarbital

Potassium bromide

Diazepam

Leviracetam

Zonisamide

Felbamate

Gabapentin

Valroic Acid

Phenytonin

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7
Q

Alpha2’s (7)

A

Xylazine

Detomidine

Medetomidine

Dexmedetomidine

Romifidine

Clonidine

Atipamezole

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8
Q

Benzo’s (6)

A

Diazepam

Alprazolam

Midazolam

Lorazepam

Oxazepam

Flumazenil

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9
Q

Dogs - Aggression (2)

A

TCA’s

SSRI’s

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10
Q

Dogs - General anxeity disorders (4)

A

TCA

SSRI

Buspirone

Trazodone

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11
Q

Dogs - Acral Lick dermatitis (2)

A

TCA

SSRI

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12
Q

Dogs - Cognitive dysfunction

A

Selegiline

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13
Q

Cats - Intersitital cystitis (1)

A

Amitriptyline

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14
Q

Cats - Urine marking (3)

A

TCA

SSRI

Buspirone

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15
Q

Cats - Intercat aggression

A

Buspirone

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16
Q

Cats - Compulsive behavior

A

SSRI

TCA

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17
Q

Cats - Appetite stimulant

A

Mirtazepine

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18
Q

Parrots - Feather picking

A

TCA

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19
Q

TCA - Adverse Effects

A

Dry mouth/eyes

Urinary retention

Sedation

Mydriasis

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20
Q

Benzodiazepine - Dogs use (5)

A

Submissive uriniation

Urine marking

Storm phobia

Seperation anxiety

Fear WITHOUT aggression

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21
Q

Benzodiazepines - Cat uses (3)

A

Increase appetite

Urine marking

Strom phobie

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22
Q

Benzodiazepines - Mare uses (1)

A

Foal rejection

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23
Q

Benzodiazepines - Bird uses (1)

A

Feather picking

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24
Q

Benzodiazepines - OD reversal

A

Flumazneil

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25
Q

Alpha2 Agonists - Dogs

A

Anxiolytic

*Clonidine as adjunct

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26
Q

Alpha2 Agonists - Cats

A

Induce vomiting

*Xylazine

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27
Q

Alpha2 Agonists - Horse

A

Sedation

***Penile prolapse can occur

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28
Q

Alpha2 Agonists - Sheep

A

TOXIC!!!

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29
Q

Alpha2 Agonists - Reversal

A

Alpha2 antagnonists =

Atipamezole

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30
Q

Alpha2 Agonists - Adverse effects

A

Ataxia

VOmiting

Sedation

Hyperglycemia

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31
Q

Anticonvulsants - Dogs (6)

A

Phenobarbital

Potassium bromide

Leviracetam

Zonisaminde

Felbamate

Gabapentin

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32
Q

Anticonvulsants - Cats (3)

A

Phenobarbital

Leviracetam

Zonisamide

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33
Q

Status epilepticus =

A

continous seizures of more than 5 minutes

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34
Q

Treatment protocol for status epilepticus

A

IV Benzo’s

Propofol

Barbiturates

Leviracetam

Phenytoin

Inhalation anesthetics

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35
Q

Dopamine is synthesized from

A

Tyrosine

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36
Q

Dopamine metabolized by:

A

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

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37
Q

Dopamine is taken out of terminal by –

A

DAT

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38
Q

of dopamine receptors in the brain

A

5

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39
Q

Blocking what dopamine receptor and where causes motor deficits?

A

D2

Striatum

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40
Q

Reward pathway =

A

VTA-nucleus accumbens

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41
Q

Function of the median eminence pathway -

A

INhibits prolactin release

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42
Q

NE synthesized from -

A

Tyrosine

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43
Q

What terminates the action of NE at the synaptic cleft?

A

NET

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44
Q

What metabolizes NE?

A

MAO via hydrolysis

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45
Q

Where do NE pathways originate?

A

Locus coeruleus

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46
Q

Alpha2 receptor stiumlation leads to…

A

Decreased pain transmission

Sedation

Muscle relaxation

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47
Q

What three cognitive functions need NE?

A

Attention

Memory

Mood

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48
Q

What do antidepressants duein regards to NE?

A

Decrease re-uptake

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49
Q

5-HT is synthesized from…

A

Tryptophan

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50
Q

What takes 5-HT out of the terminal, ending its stimulation?

A

SERT

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51
Q

What metabolizes 5-HT?

A

MAO

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52
Q

Where do the 5-HT neurons originate?

A

Raphe nucleus

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53
Q

What two cognitive functions are 5-HT related to?

A

Appetite

Mood

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54
Q

What do most anti-depressants do in regards to 5-HT?

A

Inhibit reuptake

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55
Q

TCA’s - Mechanism

A

Inhibit re-uptake of 5-HT + NE

Blocks M + Histamine receptors = sedation

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56
Q

TCA’s - Onset time

A

2 to 4 weeks

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57
Q

TCA’s - Effects

A

Anxiolytic

Anti-compulsive

Anti-aggressive

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58
Q

TCA’s - Treatment length

A

Chronic

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59
Q

TCA’s - Protocol for stopping treatment

A

Withdraw slowly, unless putting on another anti-depressant

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60
Q

Amitriptyline - Mechanism

A

Inhibits reuptake of 5-HT + NE

*NE makes it useful for pain

M/Histamine receptor blockade

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61
Q

Amitriptyline - metabolism

A

to nortrityline

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62
Q

Amitriptyline - Adverse effects

A

Sedation

Mydriasis

Urinary retention

Weight gain

do NOT give to pregnant/lactating animals

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63
Q

Amitriptyline - Toxicity

A

Depression

Ataxia

Convulsions

Collapse

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64
Q

Amitriptyline - Use

A

Cats =

Pain

Compulsive behaviors (psychogenic alopecia)

urine marking

Dogs =

Comulsive disorders

Seperation anxeity

Agression

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65
Q

Amitriptyline - Mechanism for idiopathic interstiital cystitis

A

Decreased pain + bladder spasms

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66
Q

Clomipramine - Mechanism

A

5-HT > NE

Blocks muscarinic

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67
Q

Clomipramine - Adverse effects

A

Decrease thyroid hormones

Mydriasis

Regurgitation

Appetite change

urinary retention

Aviod in lactating animals

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68
Q

Clomipramine - Use in Dogs

A

Compulsive disorders (lick dermatitis)

Tail chasing

Separation anxeity (FDA)

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69
Q

Clomipramine - Use in Birds

A

Feather picking

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70
Q

Doxepin - Mechanism

A

NE > 5-HT

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71
Q

Doxepin - Regulation

A

Banned in racing horses

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72
Q

Doxepin - Use in birds

A

Destructive behvaior

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73
Q

Doxepin - Use in Small Animals

A

psychogenic dermatits

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74
Q

What should NOT be mixed with TCA’s?

A

Other TCA’s

MAO inhibitors

St Johns Wart

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75
Q

What happens when you mix TCA with other drugs you aren’t supposed to?

A

Serotonin syndrome

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76
Q

What does TCA overdose lead to?

A

Cardiac arrhythmias

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77
Q

Imipramine - Use in Dogs

A

Decrease inapproriate urination

Decreased withdrawn behavior in beagles

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78
Q

Imipramine - Horses

A

Ejaculatory dysfunction

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79
Q

SSRI - Mechanism

A

Inhibit reuptake of 5-HT

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80
Q

SSRI - Time for Effect Onset

A

3 to 4 weeks

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81
Q

SSRI - Overall function

A

Decrease response to stress

Increase Neural plasticity

Anxiolytic

Anti-compulsive

Anti-agression

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82
Q

SSRI - Use for

A

Generalized anxeity disorders (chronic state of fear)

Agression

Compulsive disorders

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83
Q

SSRI - Main side effect

A

Anorexia

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84
Q

Fluoxetine - 1/2 life + Dose

A

1/2 = ~ 1 week

SID

85
Q

Fluoxetine - Inhibitory effects

A

Inhibits CYP450 - drug interactions

86
Q

Inhibition of CYP2D6 + 2C19 leads to…

A

Decreased metabolism of TCA

87
Q

Fluoxetine - Use in Dogs

A

Acral lick dermatits

Agression

Compulsive disorders

88
Q

Fluoxetine - Use in Cats

A

Psychogenic alopecia

89
Q

Fluoxetine - Adverse effects

A

Panting + Anxeity + Increased aggression = dogs

Sleep pattern changes + anxiety = cats

90
Q

Citalopram - Use in Dogs

A

Acral lick dermatitis

91
Q

Sertraline - Use in Cats

A

Obessive disorders

92
Q

Sertraline - Use in Dogs

A

Acral lick dermatitis

93
Q

Paroxetine - Use in cats

A

Urine marking

Agression

94
Q

Paroxetine - Use in Dogs

A

Anexity disorders

95
Q

Paroxetine - Effect on CYP450

96
Q

Fluvoxamine - Use in Dogs/Cats

A

Aggression

(Especially maternal aggression)

97
Q

What three things must be reported immediately if seen after starting SSRI?

A

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Seizures

98
Q

Trazodone - Mechanism

A

Weak 5-HT inhibitor of reuptake

Blocks 5-HT2a receptors

Block alpha1

99
Q

Trazodone - Adverse effects

A

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Panting

Ataxia

100
Q

Trazodone - Use in Dogs

A

Add on to fluxetine for agression + anxiety

Mild thunderstorm anxeity

101
Q

Mirtazepine - Mechanism

A

Alpha2 antagonist

Increase release of NE/5-HT

Antihistamine

102
Q

Mirtazepine - Effects

A

Appetite stimulant

Decrease nasuea + vomitng

103
Q

Mirtazepine - 1/2 life + Dosing

A

Cats - give every 3 day s

Dogs - SID

104
Q

Buspirone - Mechanism

A

Parital agonist of 5-HT1A receptor

Some inhbition of NE/DA reuptake

105
Q

Buspirone - Upside to use

A

Non-sedating

Few side effects

No withdrawal or dependecen

106
Q

Buspirone - Use in Cats

A

Decrease urine marking

Inter-cat aggression

107
Q

Buspirone - Use in Dogs

A

General anxiety disorders

Combine w/ fluxetine = aggression + anxiety + stereotypic behavior

108
Q

Selegeline - Mechanism

A

Inhibits MAOb

Increasing levels of dopamine

109
Q

Selegeline - Use in Dogs

A

FDA approved

Canine cognitive dysfunction

110
Q

Selegeline - Time until onset of effect

111
Q

Selegeline - DOC for…

A

Pituitary dependent Cushing’s disease

112
Q

Symptoms of Canine Cognitive Dysfunction

A

Memory loss

Confusion

Loss of house training

Decreased social interaction

113
Q

What is thought to be the cause of Canine Cognitive dysfunction?

A

Loss of dopaminergic neurons

114
Q

Phenothiazines - Mechanism

A

Block D2 receptors

Block M + Histamine + Alpha 1 receptors

115
Q

What is the problem with Phenothiazines blocking D2 receptors?

A

Can lead to tremors + rigiidity due to inhibition of striatal dopamine transmission

116
Q

Acepromazine/Prmoazine - Effects

117
Q

Acepromazine/Prmoazine - Adverse effects

A

Penile prolapse in horses

Hypotension

Agression

Agitation

Ataxia

118
Q

Chlorpromazine - Use in dogs/cats

A

Antiemetic or pre-med

119
Q

CNS Stimulants - Treatment of OD

A

Remove stomach contents via gastric lavage

Activated charcoal if within 2 hours of ingestion

120
Q

CNS Stimulants - Adverse effects

A

Anorexia

Agitation

Tachycardia

Increased BP

Seizures

121
Q

CNS Stimulants - Use in dogs

A

Canine Hyperkinesis

122
Q

CNS Stimulants - Mechanism

A

Taken into nerve terminal

Reverses dopamine transporter

Increased DA levels

123
Q

What is the major function of GABA?

A

Major inhibitory NT in brain

124
Q

GABA is synthesized from ….

125
Q

What is responsible for synthesizing GABA?

126
Q

What occurs with the stimulation of GABAa receptors?

A

Cl- Channels open

Hyperpolarize neuron

Inhibit neurotransmission

127
Q

What are the effects of GABA activity?

A

Decreased anxiety

Vigilance

Muscle tension

Seizure activity

Sedation occurs

128
Q

What does a GABAa receptor make up?

A

Ion channel

129
Q

What ion does GABAa receptor shuttle?

130
Q

What are the 5 substances that bind to GABA receptor?

A

Benzodiazepines

Propofol

GABA

Isoflurane

Ethanol

131
Q

What do benzodiazepines specifically do to the GABA channel?

A

Increase the frequenccy of channel opening

132
Q

What are the three benzodiazepines?

A

Diazepam

Midazolam

Alprazolam

133
Q

What are the two main uses of benzodiazepines?

A

Axiolytic

Sedative

134
Q

Benzodiazepines - Onset of action

A

Rapid onset

135
Q

Benzodiazepines - Metabolism

136
Q

Benzodiazepines - Excretion

137
Q

Benzodiazepines - Uses in Cats

A

Appetite stimulant

Urine marking

Storm phobia

138
Q

Benzodiazepines - Use in dogs

A

Submissive urination

Urine marking

Storm phobia

Seperation anxeity

Fear of people with agresssion

139
Q

Benzodiazepines - Use in Birds

A

Feather picking

140
Q

Benzodiazepines - Use in Mares

A

Foal rejection

141
Q

Diazepam - 1/2 life

Horse

Dog

Cats

A

Horse = 7 to 22 hours

Cat = 5.5 hours

Dogs = 2 to 3 hours

142
Q

Diazepam - Adverse effects

A

May decrease inhibtion

Increase aggression

Ataxia (horses)

Crosses teh placenta - teratogenic

143
Q

Alprazolam - Dosing schedule

A

Dogs = 4 hours

Cats = 8 hours

144
Q

Midazolam - Use

A

Induction anesthesia

Combination with medatomidine

145
Q

Midazolam - Admin

A

Injection or Intranasal

146
Q

Lorazepam/Oxazepam - Metabolite

A

It is a metabolite of diazepam

147
Q

Lorazepam/Oxazepam - use

A

Appetite stimulant in cats

148
Q

Benzodiazepines - Side effects

A

Sedation

Ataxia

Muscle relaxation

Increased appetite

Aggression

149
Q

Benzo - Overdose treatment

A

Supportive

Activated charcoal

Induce vomiting in cats with xylazine

Flumazenil to reverse

150
Q

What can diazepam do to cats?

A

Idiopathic necrosis in cats

151
Q

Flumazenil - Mechanism

A

Antagonist at benzodiazepine receptors

152
Q

Flumazenil - Use

A

reverse effects of benzo’s when needed

153
Q

Flumazenil - Contraindications?

A

Admin to seizure prone patient can cause seizures

Also if there is TCA or barbituate OD

154
Q

What are the alpha2 agnoists?

A

Xylazine

Detomidine

Medetomidine

Dexmedetomine

Romifidine

Clonidine

155
Q

Alpha2 Agonist - Mech

A

Stimulate pre-synaptic receptors to decrease release of NE

156
Q

Alpha2 receptor location in the body

A

CNS + Periphery

157
Q

What is the end result of alpha2 agonists?

A

Analgesia

Sedation

158
Q

What is the mechanism behind alpha2 agonist’s sedation + relief of anxeity?

A

Decreased activity of ascending neural projections to cerbral cortex + limbic system

159
Q

How does alpha2 agnoist inhibit pain?

A

Dorsal horn

Increase spinal NE in pathways going down spinal cord

160
Q

How does alpha2 receptors affect the ascending pain pathway?

A

Decrease the release of glutamate + substance in dorsal horn

161
Q

Which of the alpha2 agnoist cause hypotension + bradycardia?

A

Clonidine

Medetomidine

Dexmeditomidine

162
Q

What alpha2 is responisble for toxicity in sheep?

163
Q

What is alpha2a receptor involved in?

A

Sedation

Anxiolysis

Analgesia

164
Q

What are the peripheral affects of alpha2 agonists?

A

Decreased BP + Brady cardia due to decreased CO

Vasocontriction then Dilation

Hypoxemia

Diuresis

Decreased GI motility

Vomiting

Hyperglycemia

165
Q

What alpha receptors are responsible for the vasocontriction and dilation effects of the agnoists?

A

2b = Constrict

2A = Dilation

166
Q

When is hypoxemia experienced most with alpha2 agnoist use?

A

use in sheep

167
Q

Why do you see hyperglycemia with alpha2 agonist use?

A

Decrease in insulin release

** most with xylazine

168
Q

What drug causes the most pronounced vomiting? In who?

A

Cats

Xylazine

169
Q

Alpha2 Agnoist - Drug for Anxiolytic + use

A

Clonidine

Add on drug for anxeity in dogs

170
Q

Alpha2 Agnoist - Muscle relaxation drug

A

Romifidine

171
Q

Alpha2 Agnoist - Drugs that cause the least sedation

A

Romididine

Detomidine

172
Q

Alpha2 Agnoist - Drugs that cause the most sedation

A

Dexmedetomidine

Xylazine

173
Q

Alpha2 Agnoist - Animals most sensitive to alpha2 sedation

A

Bovine > Ruminants > Dogs > Cats > Horses > Pigs

174
Q

Xylazine - Mechanism

A

Less selective for Alpha 1 vs 2

175
Q

Xylazine - Alpha1 stimulation

A

Aggression more likely

176
Q

Xylazine - Potency

A

Least potent of alpha2s

177
Q

Xylazine - Contriindication

A

Can be fatal to swine

178
Q

Xylazine - Metabolism

179
Q

Xylazine - FDA approval

A

Cats

Dog

Horse

Wildlife

180
Q

Xylazine - Adverese reactions

A

Bloat due to dereased Gi movement

181
Q

Detomidine - FDA approval

A

Horse Only

182
Q

Detomidine - Potency

A

More alpha2 selective

183
Q

Detomidine - Adverese effects

A

Ataxia

Penile prolapse

Fatal dsrhythmias when given with sulfamides

184
Q

Detomidine - Use

A

Standing procedures in horses

Combined with xylazine

185
Q

Medetomidine - Use

A

Produce sedation in surgery

186
Q

Medetomidine - Effect

A

Sedation

Analgesia

Anxiolytic

187
Q

Medetomidine - FDA apporval

188
Q

Medetomidine - Use

A

CRI in ICU

189
Q

Dexmedetomidine - FDA approval

190
Q

Dexmedetomidine - Potency

A

Most potent alpha2 selection

191
Q

Dexmedetomidine - Use

A

Light anesthesia for short procedures

Pre-meds

192
Q

Dexmedetomidine - Metabolism

A

CYP450

** also inhibts = drug interactions

193
Q

Dexmedetomidine - Adverse effects

A

Ataxia

Vomiting

Hyperglycemia

194
Q

Dexmedetomidine - Reversal agent

A

Atipamezole

195
Q

Romifidine - FDA approval

A

Horse via IV

196
Q

Romifidine - Adverse affects

A

Less ataxia

Longer duration

CV depression in dog/cat

197
Q

Clonidine - Use

A

add on for anxiety in dogs

Anesthesia - increases action duration of lidocaine in epidural

198
Q

Atipamezole - Mechanism

A

Highly selective alpha2 antagonist

199
Q

Atipamezole - Adverse effects

A

Delirium

Anxeity

Aggression

Cardiovascular collapse

200
Q

Atipamezole - Cause of CV collapse

A

Histamine release

or periphervasocontriction + bradycardia

Hight vagal tone

201
Q

Atipamezole - Food Animals

202
Q

What are the anticonvulsants? (8)

A

Phenobarbital

Potassium bromide

Diazepam

Leviracetam

Felbamate

Zonisamide

Gabapentin

Valproic acid

203
Q

Describe partial seziures

A

One area of the brain invovled

204
Q

Describe psycomotor seizures

A

Period of odd behevaior

205
Q

What is occurring in a neuron during seizure?

A

Disordered, synchornous, rhythmic firing

206
Q

Where do seizures tend to be located?

A

Cerebral cortex

207
Q

What is the goal of seizure therapy?

A

Decrease abnormal or synchornized firing

208
Q

What may seizures be caused by?

A

Glutamate activity too much

Decrease in gaba activity

Pharmacology II (20 decks)

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