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Pharmacology II > LEC 24 - Ectoparasiticides > Flashcards

LEC 24 - Ectoparasiticides Flashcards

1
Q

What does the lifecycle of live consist of?

A

Entire thing takes place on the host animal. Will live on the host all year.

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2
Q

What are the two varieties of lice?

A

Chewing lice(Mallophaga) and Sucking lice(Anoplura)

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3
Q

What fleas attack dogs and cats?

A

Ctenocephalides fetis

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4
Q

How long do Ctenophalides live?

A

+2 years

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5
Q

What are the major characteristics of the flea pupa?

A

Stable for about a year in the environment. Will hatch in response to vibrations.

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6
Q

What are the diseases that Ctenocephalides act as a vector for?

A

D. Caninum, D reconditum, and Bartonella henselae

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7
Q

What are the two types of ticks?

A

Hard ticks and soft ticks

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8
Q

What are some of the pathologies that ticks cause? (6)

A

Anemia, secondary infection. pruritus, paralysis, toxicosis, and disease transmission

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9
Q

What are the zoonotic external parasites?

A

Psoropte, D. immitis, and Cheyletiella (walking dnadruff)

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10
Q

What external parasites are reportable?

A

Psoroptes and Boophilus annulatus

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11
Q

What makes a ectoparasiticide a successful one?

A

Effect adulticide and repellatant. Persistant effect doses on skin for period of time. Stable in sunlight, shampoo, and water. Want minimal effects on the environment.

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12
Q

What are the ways that topical agents can pass trans-epidermally?

A

Intracellular diffusion and Transcellular

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13
Q

Where do drugs that pass trans-epidemally get confined to?

A

Interstitial space

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14
Q

What factor affects absorption of a trans-epidermal drug?

A

thickness of the skin

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15
Q

What is the progression of animals from thin to thickest skin?

A

Pigs > Cattle > Dogs > cats

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16
Q

What is the process by which something is trans-follicularly absorbed?

A

Trans-epidermal and sweat pore

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17
Q

What is the mechanism by which something is absorbed into the sweat pores?

A

Accumulation in sebaceous glands and variation in this route due to hair structure of different species

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18
Q

How does fipronil work?

A

Non-competitive inhibitor of Glutamate-activated chloride channel. Causing rigid paralysis and CNS disruption

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19
Q

What is fipronil used for?

A

Fleas, ticks, and lice (topically). Trombicula autumnalis (Spray)

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20
Q

What are the adverse effects of fipronil?

A

5x’s the maximum dose

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21
Q

How do the neonicotinamides work?

A

Agonist of insect postsynaptic, nicotinic AChR

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22
Q

What type of response does Imidaclorid cause?

A

Induces a biphasic response. Does so by increased spontaneous firing followed by nerve desensitization. Leading to death.

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23
Q

What are neonicotinamides used for?

A

Fleas, especially if they are resistant to fipronil.

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24
Q

What stages does imidaclopramide kill?

A

Adults and larvae; kill within 1 hour

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25
Q

What stages does nitenpyram kill?

A

Adults only; kills within 30 minutes

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26
Q

How are neonicotinamides adminstered?

A

PO

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27
Q

What is the BA of neonicotinamides?

A

100%

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28
Q

What are the adverse effects of imidacloprid?

A

Nicotinic and hepatic effects if ingested

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29
Q

What are the adverse effects of Nitenpyram?

A

No effects when administered to dogs or cats at 4x’s the recommended dose.

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30
Q

How do pyrethrins work?

A

Activate Na+ channels in nerves, causing repetitive depolarizations leading to parasite death. 100 to 1000x’s more selective for parasite then human.

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31
Q

Has you go up in pyrethrin generations how do the drugs change?

A

More stable and potent

32
Q

What are the 1st generation pyrethrins?

A

Allethrin

33
Q

What are the 2nd generation pyrethrins?

A

Phenothrin and resmethrin

34
Q

What are the 3rd generation pyrethrins?

A

Permethrin and fenvalerate

35
Q

What are the 4th generation pyrethrins?

A

Cyfluthrin and Cypermethrin

36
Q

What are pyrethrins used for?

A

Fleas and ticks. 3rd generation chemicals cover some mites and lice.

37
Q

Which of the pyrethrins can you NOT use on cats?

A

2nd generation or greater. Ingest by grooming and their metabolism requires glucuronidation.

38
Q

What are the signs of pyrethrin toxicity?

A

SLUDGE. Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, GI distress, and Emesis. Also causes miosis, tremors, and dyspnea.

39
Q

What are the synergist drugs?

A

Puperonyl butoxide and MGK264

40
Q

How do the synergist drugs work?

A

Block cytochrome P450 in insects. Inhibits oxidative and hydrolytic metabolism. Prevents enzymatic breakdown of pyrethrins.

41
Q

What are the adverse effects of MGK264?

A

None

42
Q

What are the adverse effects of piperonyl butoxide?

A

Prevents breakdown of pyrethrins in cats, thereby increasing its toxicity.

43
Q

What are the organophates used for? (ie. what methods of transmission, four of them)

A

Spray ons, ear tags, collars, and dips

44
Q

What are the carbamates used for? (what methods of transmission, two of them)

A

Shampoos and collars

45
Q

What organophosphates are used in spray-ons?

A

Fenthion and famphur

46
Q

What organophostphates are used in ear tags?

A

Diazione and pirimphos

47
Q

What organophosphates are used in collars?

A

Tetrachlorvinophos, diazinone, and dichlorvos

48
Q

What organophosphates are used in dips?

A

Chlorpyriphos and phosmets

49
Q

What Carbamates are used in shampoos?

A

Carbaryl

50
Q

What carbamates are used in collars?

A

Propoxur

51
Q

How do carbamates and organophosphates work?

A

Inhibit acetylcholinesterase

52
Q

What neurons are affected when ACh-esterase is inhibited?

A

All presynaptic neurons in both the ANS and SNS. Postsynaptic muscle receptors and the postsynaptic PNS neurons.

53
Q

What are the signs of organophosphate toxicity?

A

SLUDGE

54
Q

How do you treat ogranophosphate toxicity or carbamate toxicity?

A

2-PAM/pralidoxime

55
Q

What are the breeds of cattle that are sensitive to organophosphate toxicity?

A

Brahman, Charolais, and Simmental

56
Q

What breeds of dogs are most sensitive to organophosphate toxicity?

A

Greyhounds and whippets

57
Q

What is amitraz used for?

A

Demodex, fleas, ticks in dogs. Demodicosis in cats. Ticks, mites, and lice on swine and cattle.

58
Q

What do you have to be careful with when it comes to using Taktic?

A

Can kill dogs and horses.

59
Q

How does amitraz work?

A

MAO inhibitor in mites causing CNS toxicity.

60
Q

What animal are most sensitive to amitraz sensitivity?

A

Toy breeds, dogs

61
Q

What is the most common cause of toxicity with amitraz?

A

PO adminstration

62
Q

What receptor does amitraz react with in animals that causes a lot of secondary effects?

A

alpha-2 adrenergic effects

63
Q

What are the symptoms of amitraz’s reaction with alpha-r?

A

Sedation, bradycardia, vomiting, diarrhea, and ataxia. Transient hyperglycemia.

64
Q

What is the reversal DOC for amitraz?

A

Atipamezole

65
Q

What are the two types of insect growth regulators?

A

Juvenile hormone analogs or Insect development inhibitors

66
Q

How do the juvenile hormone analogs work?

A

Hormones that signal for maturation when they decrease, this will maintain them at high levels to prevent them from maturing

67
Q

How do insect development inhibitors work?

A

Interfere with development of chitin exoskeleton. Drugs are consumed by fleas and excreted not absorbed. Flea larvae then feed off this feces.

68
Q

How is lufenuron adminstered?

A

PO (dogs) and SC (cats)

69
Q

How does lufenuron distribute in the body?

A

Accumulates in the adipose tissue and then redistributes to the plasma.

70
Q

What are possible side effects to luferon?

A

Injection site reaction

71
Q

How do repellants work?

A

Reduce insects landing on/entering the hair coat of animals. interfere with ectoparasite feeding. Ectoparastite disorientation.

72
Q

What are the adverse effects of repellants?

A

DEET mar increase dermal absorption and increase adverse effects of primary ectoparasiticides in cats.

73
Q

What are the three types of repellants?

A

Butoxypolypropylene, di-n-propyl isocinchomeronate, and diethyl-m-toluamide

74
Q

What are the two types of juvenile hormone analogs?

A

Methoprene and pyriproxyfen

75
Q

What are the two types of insect development inhibitors?

A

Diflubenzuron and lufenuron Q

Pharmacology II (20 decks)

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