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PHPY 301 > Lec 22/23 > Flashcards

Lec 22/23 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of intercellular communication

A 
Gap junction
Transient direct link up cells
Paracrine secretion
Neurotransmitter secretion
Hormonal secretion
Neurohormone secretion
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2
Q

Intracellular chemical messengers

A 
paracrines
neurotransmitters
hormones
neurohormones
(indirect communication b/t cells)
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3
Q

Endocrine

A

release of hormones that act far away from targets.

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4
Q

Paracrine

A

release of signalling molecules that act on nearby cells in the immediate area.

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5
Q

Autocrine

A

cell acts on itself ( by feedback )

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6
Q

3 modes of cell Communication

A

endocrine, paracrine, autocrine

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7
Q

a “wired system” with a specific structural arrangement. structural continuity in the system.

A

Nervous System

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8
Q

A “wireless system” organs widely dispersed and not structurally related to one another.

A

Endocrine system

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9
Q

System that requires neurotransmitters released into a synaptic cleft

A

Nervous System

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10
Q

System that requires Hormones released into the blood.

A

Endocrine system

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11
Q

System that acts a very short distance

A

Nervous

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12
Q

System that acts a long distance

A

Endocrine

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13
Q

System that depends on close anatomical relationship and not on specificity

A

Nervous

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14
Q

System that depends on specificity

A

Endocrine

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15
Q

System that is rapid, brief and precise.

A

Nervous

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16
Q

System that is slow and over a long duration

A

Endocrine

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17
Q

Which system has influence on other major control systems?

A

Endocrine and Nervous

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18
Q

Hormones

A
  1. regulate ion and water balance
  2. contribute to the response of external stress
  3. initiate steps in growth and development
  4. regulate the process of reproduction
  5. regulate the digestion, use, and storage of nutrients
  6. regulate the release of other hormones.*
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19
Q

Which endocrine glands soley affect endocrine function?

A

Pituitary
Parathyroid
Thyroid
Adrenal gland

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20
Q

What endocrine gland soley affects endocrine function and is a “regulator”?

A

pituitary gland

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21
Q

what are the regulator endocrine glands?

A

Pineal, Hypothalamus, Pituitary

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22
Q

What endocrine gland’s complete function is uncertain?

A

Pineal

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23
Q

What endocrine gland is a regulator and has a mixed function?

A

hypothalamus

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24
Q

Hypothalamus: target cells

A

Anterior pituitary

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25
Q

Pineal Gland: hormones

A

melatonin

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26
Q

Concentration of Hormones

A

10-9 to 10-12 molar (very low)

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27
Q

Activation of hormone receptors

A

effects of hormones are amplified, by the presence or certain hormone receptors a cell will respond to that hormone.

  1. alters channel permeability
  2. acts through second messenger system to alter activity of prexisting proteins
  3. Activates specific genes to cause formation of new proteins
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28
Q

Hormones : GPCR receptors

A 
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)--> AC
Arginine Vasopressin (AVP)--> PLC
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)-->PLA
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29
Q

Insulin :receptor

A

has a-subunit(disulfide bonds), binds to Tyrosine Kinase–> protein phosphorylation (growth and development)

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30
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP): receptor

A

no alpha-subunit , binds to guanylyl cyclase –> cGMP

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31
Q

Growth Hormone (GH): receptor

A

1 a-subunit and 1 B-subunit , binds to JAK (janus kinase or just another kinase) Tyrosine Kinase domains. –> protein phosphorylation (growth and development)

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32
Q

Location: Steroid hormone receptors

A

act within the cell nucleus , but bind within the cytosol or nucleus.

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33
Q

Binding: steroid hormone receptors

A

activated steroid hormone receptors are bound within the nucleus or the cytosol and they bind to specific stretches of DNA called SREs, thus stimulating the transcription of appropriate geans

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34
Q

hsp

A

heat shock protein - hold steroid receptors.

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35
Q

SRE

A

stretches of DNA within the nucleus that are bound by steroid hormone receptors.

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36
Q

2 Types of Feedback Control

A

Simple Feedback Loop

Hierarchical control

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37
Q

Hierarchical control

A

a product regulates more than one enzyme.

38
Q

Types of Hormones

A

Peptides, Amines (catecholamines&Thyroid Hormone), Steroids

39
Q

Hormone Type: no aeromatic ring.

A

peptides

40
Q

Hormone Type: Tyrosine derivative

A

Amines - Catecholamines & Thyroid Hormones

41
Q

Hormone Type: Iodinated tyrosine derivative

A

Thyroid Hormone

42
Q

Hormone Type: Cholesterol derivative

A

Steroids

43
Q

Hormone Type: Hydrophilic

A

peptides, catecholamines

44
Q

Hormone Type: Hydrophobic (lipophilic)

A

Thyroid Hormone, Steroids

45
Q

Hormone Type: Synthesized Rough ER

A

peptides

46
Q

Hormone Type:Synthesized in cytosol

A

catecholamines

47
Q

Hormone Type:Synthesized in colloid

A

Thyroid Hormone

48
Q

Hormone Type: Synthesized in intracellular compartments

A

from cholesterol –> steroids

49
Q

Hormone Type:Stored secretory granules

A

peptides, Catecholamines (chromaffin granules)

50
Q

Hormone Type: Not stored

A

Thyroid hormone, steroids (both released upon synthesis)

51
Q

Hormone Type: mostly bound to plasma proteins

A

Thyroid Hormone, Steroids (partially catecholamines)

52
Q

Hormone Type: free hormone (unbound)

A

peptides, Catecholamines (partially)

53
Q

Hormone Type:receptor on Surface of target cell

A

peptides, catecholamines

54
Q

Hormone Type: receptor inside target cell

A

thyroid hormone, steroids

55
Q

Hormone Type: Activates specific genes to produce proteins

A

Thyroid hormone, Steroids

56
Q

Hormone Type:Activates second messenger system to activate existing proteins

A

peptides, catecholamines

57
Q

Hormone Type: from the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, pancreas, parathyroid, gastrointestinal, kidneys, liver, thyroid C cells, heart

A

peptides

58
Q

Hormone Type: only hormones from the adrenal medulla

A

catecholamines

59
Q

Hormone Type: only hormones from the thyroid follicular cells

A

Thyroid Hormone

60
Q

Hormone Type: Hormones from the adrenal cortex and gonads plus most placental hormones (kinda like VIT D)

A

steroids

61
Q

Preprohormone

A

larger precursor peptides with a signal sequence at the N terminus of the peptide.

62
Q

signal sequence

A

at the N terminus of a preprohormone that leads to the insertion of the growing peptide into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

63
Q

prohormone

A

The structure following a preprohormone after the signal sequence is cleaved. When the prohormone is cleaved one or more hormones is made

64
Q

Insulin formation: disulfide bonds

A

are formed when preproinsulin is cleaved to make proinsulin. They remain after proinsulin is cleaved to make insulin. (formed within the endoplasmic reticulum)

65
Q

Synthesis of Neuropeptides : Basic AminoAcid pairs

A

common targets for processing enzymes (cleaving) LYS&ARG

66
Q

LYS+ARG

A

common base pair for cleaving of neuropeptides

67
Q

carboxypeptidase E

A

trims base pair AA resides of neuropeptides

68
Q

peptidyl glycine a-amidating monooxygenase (PAM)

A

converts the carboxy terminus to an amide if the peptide ends in glycine.

69
Q

Neuropeptides : Golgi

A

further modifications can be mades such as sulfation and phosphorylation takes place. 2 packaging schemes

  1. cleaved inside the released vesicles = 2 types of peptides
  2. cleaved inside golgi = sorted into separate vesicles
70
Q

Synthesized directly from Tyrosine

A

3,4 - Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)
(Enzyme - Tyrosine hydroxylase)
(coenzyme - tetrahydrobiopterin BH4–>BH2)

71
Q

tetrahydrobiopterin

A

BH4-BH2 coenzyme of tyrosine hydroxylase

72
Q

Synthesized from DOPA

A

Dopamine

enzyme - DOPA decarboxylase

73
Q

Synthesized from Norephinephrine

A

Epinephrine
(enzyme - phenethanolamine N-methyltransferase)
(coenzyme - adenyosyl-methionine –> adenyosyl - homocysteine)

74
Q

Synthesized from Dopamine

A

Norepinephrine
(enzyme - Dopamine B-hydroxylase)
(coenzyme - ascorbic acid (reduced –> oxidized)

75
Q

TH: feedback inhibited by..

A

Norepinephrine

76
Q

MAO monoamine oxidase

A

breaks down NE into DOMA
breaks down Dopamine into DOPAC
(with aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH) help)

77
Q

aldehyde dehydrogenase ADH

A

breaks down NE into DOMA
breaks down Dopamine into DOPAC
(with aldehyde dehydrogenase (MAO) help)

78
Q

Steroid hormones: mineral corticoid

A

Aldosterone (from Progersterone) [Both adrenal cortex]

79
Q

Steroid Hormones: glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol [adrenal cortex hormone]

80
Q

Steroid Hormones: androgen

A

Testosterone [male sex hormone]

81
Q

Steroid Hormones: an estrogen

A 
Estrogen [female sex hormones]
made up of: 
Estradiol*
Estrone
Estriol
82
Q

Steroid Hormones:

A

Cholesterol, Aldosterone, Progesterone, Cortisol, testosterone, Estriadiol

83
Q

Regulation of Free hormone

A

tightly regulated by binding to plasma proteins

84
Q

99% of hormones

A

exist in bound protein form

85
Q

Hyposecretion

A

too little hormones

86
Q

Hypersecretion

A

too much hormone (tumor)

87
Q

Radioimmunoassay

A

Hormone quantification ; the process by which the concentration of hormones (in blood) or receptors (in tissue) can be measured using labelled hormones.

88
Q

Saturation plot

A

hormone antibody complex [y] vs total labeled hormone [x] ; if you increase the number of hormones , you will increase the amount bound (competition) [SIGMOID] +

89
Q

Displacement curve

A

labelled hormone bound to antibody [y] vs total unlabelled hormone [x] if you increase the number of hormones unlabelled, you decrease the number of labelled hormones. [linear negative]

90
Q

Scatchard Plot

A

Bound steroid/free Steroid [y] vs bound steroid [x]
Slope = -1/Kd
where y = zero , is the total number of receptors

PHPY 301 (23 decks)

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